HANTS vergence of the needle. On his return he su- perintended the erection of an observatory in Christiania, of which he became director in 1833. He had charge of the triangulation of Norway, and was a member of the commis- sion for the establishment of a scientific sys- tem of measures and weights, for which he furnished the fundamental principles. In a memoir on the secular change of the dip (Co- penhagen, 1855; in French, Brussels, 1865), he argued th'at the annual diminution of the dip is decreasing, and consequently that a mini- mum of dip will occur in Europe before the close of this century. His most important works are Resultate magnetischer Beobachtun- gen auf einer Reise nach Sibirien (1863), and "Observations on Magnetic Inclination be- tween the years 1855 and 1864 " (Ohristiania, 1865 ; in French, Brussels, 1865). HINTS, a central county of Nova Scotia, Canada, bounded N. "W. by Minas basin, an in- of the bay of Fundy, and N. E. by the mbenacadie river; area, 1,1 76^ sq. m. ; pop. 1871, 21,301, of whom 8,589 were of English, ,728 of Irish, and 5,051 of Scotch origin or it. The surface is diversified with moun- ins and valleys. The underlying rock is the 3 ermian sandstone of the coal measures, and im is abundant. The Windsor and Anna- lis railroad traverses it. Capital, Windsor. HAJTWAY, Jonas, an English author, born in Portsmouth in 1712, died in London, Sept. 5, L786. The earlier part of his life was passed mercantile pursuits in St. Petersburg, during which he visited Persia, and published a " His- torical Account of British Trade over the Cas- pian Sea, with a Journal of Travels," &c. (4 vols. 4to, London, 1753-'4). In 1756 he pub- lished a "Journal of Eight Days' Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston - upon - Thames ; to which is added an Essay upon Tea and its Per- licious Consequences;" which caused Dr. Johnson to remark that " Jonas acquired some reputation by travelling abroad, but lost it all by travelling at home." He wrote nearly 70 pamphlets, mostly devoted to philanthropic schemes. He was mainly instrumental in found- "ig the London marine educational society, and the Magdalen society. He was the first man in England who ventured to brave public opinion by carrying an umbrella. There is a lonument to him in Westminster abbey. HAPSBIRG (Ger. Hdbsburg ; originally, it is ipposed, Habichtsburg or Hawk's Castle), a ruined castle of Switzerland, near Brugg, can- ton of Aargau, on the Wulpelsberg, on the right bank of the Aar. It was built early in the llth century, and has given its name to the imperial house of Austria. The first count of Hapsburg was Werner II., a nephew of Wer- ner, bishop of Strasburg, who is represented by genealogists as a descendant of Ethico I., a duke of Alemannia in the 7th century. The descendants of Count Werner augmented the possessions of their house until their acquisi- tions were divided by the brothers Albert IV. HAPSBURG 449 and Rudolph III. in 1232. Rudolph became the founder of the Lauffenburg line, which again separated into the Hapsburg-Laufienburg and Kyburg branches, of which the former became extinct (in its male line) in 1408, and the latter in 1415. The line of Albert IV., on the other hand, became flourishing through his son Rudolph, who in 1273 was elected emperor of Germany, and, having conquered Ottocar of Bohemia, gave his provinces, Austria, Styria, and Carniola, to his sons Albert, afterward the first German emperor of that name (died in 1308), and Rudolph, on whose death in 1290 his* share also reverted to Albert. Under the grandsons of the latter the line again separated into two branches, one of which, numbering among its members the emperor Albert II. (died 1439), became extinct in 1457, with the death of his son Ladislas, king of Hungary, and the other ascended the throne of Germany in the person of Frederick III. (died 1493), whose descendants were now, after the ac- quisition of the Burgundian dominions, strong enough to make the German imperial dignity stationary and almost hereditary in their house down to the last hour of the German empire (1806). The successors of Frederick III. in that dignity were, of the male line, Maximilian I. (died 1519), Charles V. (abdicated 1556), Ferdinand I. (died 1564), Maximilian II. (1576), Rudolph II. (1612), Matthias (1619), Ferdinand II. (1637), Ferdinand III. (1657), Leopold I. (1705), Joseph I. (1711), and Charles VI. (1740); of the female line (Hapsburg-Lorraine), Fran- cis I. of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles VI. (1765), Joseph II. (1790), Leopold II. (1792), and Francis II., who, having assumed the title of emperor of Austria in 1804 as Francis I., resigned the German imperial dignity in 1806. His succes- sor in Austria was his son Ferdinand I. (1835- '48), after whose resignation his nephew Fran- cis Joseph, son of the archduke Francis Charles, was declared emperor, Dec. 2, 1848. His son, Rudolph Francis Charles Joseph, born Aug. 21, 1858, is the heir to the crown. Through Charles V. (I.), who was the son of Philip, son of Maximilian I., and of Juana, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the house of Hapsburg also ascended the throne of Spain, uniting with it the possessions of the house of Burgundy in the Low Countries ; while his brother Ferdi- nand I. succeeded in attaching to the Ger- man line the crowns of his brother-in-law Louis II., king of Hungary and Bohemia, after the death of the latter in the battle of Mohacs against the Turks (1526). The Spanish line was continued by Philip IT., Philip III., Philip IV., and Charles II., with whom it became extinct in 1700, and was succeeded, after a great struggle involving half of Europe in war, by the Bourbons. The chief Swiss possessions of the house were lost as early as the first quarter of the 14th century, when the Swiss confederation was formed ; the rest were ce- ded to various cantons at later periods, the
