HARLAN on the syntax of the Arabian language. Of this, as well as of Dorrat al-Gawas, on idioms, fragments are contained in Sylvestre de Sacy's Anthologie grammaticale arabe. Single maka- mas of Hariri have been translated by Golius, Albert Schultens, Eeiske, Rosenmiiller, Jahn, Sylvestre de Sacy, Munk, Theodore Preston, and others. The work of the last mentioned translator, containing 20 makamas in English, appeared in London in 1850, and another col-
- action by T. Chenery in 1 867. A complete Lat-
translation was published by Peiper (2d ed., 3ipsic, 1836). But neither of these- equals B German translation of the Makamat by iedrich Ruckert, entitled Die Verwandlungen Abu Seid von Sarug, oder die Makamen Hariri, in freien NachUldungen (2 vols., tuttgart, 4th ed., 1864). One of the best edi- )ns of the original is that of Sylvestre de Sacy vols., Paris, 1821-'2), with a commentary itly collected from Arabian writers ; others 3 been published at Calcutta (3 vols., M4), at Cairo, with notes (1850), and by sinaud and Dernburg (Derembourg) at Paris vols., 1847-'53). Partial editions with notes numerous. HARLAN. I. A S. E. county of Kentucky, lering on Virginia, watered by Cumber- river and its head streams, and bounded C. by Cumberland mountain; area, about sq. m; pop. in 1870, 4,415, of whom 99 rere colored. It has a rugged surface, and is ch in coal, iron, and timber. The chief pro- ictions in 1870 were 2,266 bushels of wheat, 158,410 of Indian corn, 12,207 of oats, 12,636 ' potatoes, 10,324 Ibs. of wool, and 58,558 of itter. There were 779 horses, 1,609 milch >ws, 3,151 other cattle, 5,933 sheep, and 10,- 510 swine. Capital, Harlan. II. A S. county Nebraska, bordering on Kansas, and inter- d by Republican river and its branches ; 576 sq. m. It is not included in the cen- is of 1870. Capital, Melrose. HAUL AY, Aeliille de, a French jurist, born in } aris, March 7, 1536, died there in October, 1616. He belonged to an ancient family, and irried a daughter of De Thou, whom he suc- jded in 1582 as first president of the Paris rliament. His admirers called him the Chris- Cato, on account of his virtues and piety, he was equally distinguished by his de- motion to the crown during one of the most
- ormy periods of French history. He pub-
shed La coutume d> Orleans (Paris, 1583). HARLEM. See HAARLEM. HARLEQUIN (Ital. arlecchino ; Fr. arlequiri), pantomimic character, transplanted from the [talian stage to other countries, traceable to the irliest times, and more immediately identified r ith the ancient Roman mimes, who appeared fore the public with their heads shaved, a ty face, unshod feet, and a coat of many )lors. The general term zany (It. zanni), rhich includes most sorts of harlequins, is de- ived from the Latin sannio, a buffoon. Con- icuous among the characters or masks of the 390 VOL. vm. 30 HARLESS 4.63 Italian extemporized comedy were the ancient heroes of pantomime, the two zanni. One of them was converted into Harlequin, and the other into Scapino, both satirizing the roguery and drollery of the Bergamese, who were pro- verbial for their knavery, while other characters were introduced who parodied the Venetians, the Bolognese, and the rival inhabitants of other Italian cities. Harlequin generally figured as a servant of Pantalone, the comic representa- tive of Venetian foibles, and as the lover of Colombina or the arlecchinetta ; while Scapino was in the service of the dottore, the loqua- cious pedant and the burlesque type of the academical pretensions of Bologna. The prin- cipal inventor of the pantomimes in which the harlequin was introduced was Ruzzante, who flourished about 1530 ; and many of the actors who represented the harlequin were artists of distinction. Rich, in the 18th century, intro- duced Harlequin on the English stage, and performed the character under the feigned name of Lun. In France Harlequin was converted into a wit, and even into a moralist, and is the hero of Florian's compositions. The German Hanswurst was originally intended as a carica- ture of the Italian Harlequin, but corresponded more particularly with the Italian Maccaroni, the French Jean Potage, the English Jack Pudding, and the Dutch Pickelherring. The German Hanswurst was as noted for his clum- siness as the Italian Harlequin for his elasticity or the French for his wit, and the Spanish Gracioso for his drollery. Both Hanswurst and Harlequin were gourmands; but the differ- ence between the German and Italian buffoon was, that the latter could eat a great deal with- out having a glutton-like appearance, while the former grew to Falstaffian dimensions. Gott- eched in the middle of the 18th century drove the Hanswurst from the German stage, and the Harlequin of the Italian became under Gol- doni's hand an entirely new character. HARLESS, Gottlieb Christoph Adolf, a German theologian, born in Nuremberg, Nov. 21, 1806. He graduated in theology at Erlangen in 1829, and in 1836 was made ordinary professor of theology at the same university. As a deputy to the Bavarian diet in 1842-'3 he opposed the order which required all persons connected with the army to bow the knee to the sacra- mental host. The government consequently removed him from his professorship in March, 1845, but appointed him a councillor of the consistory at Baireuth. In the same year he was called to Leipsic as professor of theology, and in 1847 became also pastor of a church in that city. In 1850 he was appointed chief court preacher, councillor in the ministry of public worship, and vice president of the con- sistory at Dresden. In November, 1852, he was appointed president of the Protestant con- sistory at Munich and member of the Bavarian state council. Among his writings are: Com- mentar uber den Brief an die Epheser (1834) ; Die cliristlicne Ethik (1842) ;
