HATTERAS dry ditch. The old fort is situated half a mile E. of the town, and though now a heap of ru- ms was once regarded as formidable. Hatras was taken by the British in 1803. At the out- break of the Mahratta war in 1817 the chief of the place assumed a hostile attitude. He was summoned to surrender the fort, but refused, whereupon the town was breached and evac- uated, Feb. 23, 1817. On March 1 fire was opened upon the fort, which was abandoned during the night, and immediately dismantled, as well as the neighboring fortress of Mursan. HATTERAS. See CAPE HATTERAS. HATTI-SHERIF (Turkish, noble writing), any ordinance written by the sultan's hand, or which contains his paraf, or flourish, and the words, " Let this my order be obeyed." Some- times it is called hatti-humayun, ',' august wri- ting." A hatti-sherif is irrevocable. The most celebrated in modern times was the hatti-she- rif of Gulhane, promulgated by the sultan Ab- dul-Medjid, Nov. 3, 1839, guaranteeing life and property to all subjects of the empire without distinction of creeds. This ordinance was con- firmed by the hatti-humayun of Feb. 18, 1856, which granted religious liberty to the non-Mo- hammedan population, abolished the civil and judicial authority of the Mussulman ecclesias- tics, proclaimed the equality of all creeds and nationalities, abolished persecution and the pun- ishment of religious converts, made non-Mo- hammedans admissible to public office and or- dained their representation in the council of state, permitted foreigners to hold landed prop- erty, decreed the establishment of public schools, the codification of the laws, the reform of the monetary system and of the police, and pro- posed to introduce other public improvements. II Al ( II, Johannes Carsten von, a Danish poet, born in Frederikshald, Norway, May 12, 1791, died in Rome, March 4, 1872. He graduated at the university of Christiania in 1821, trav- elled in France and Italy, composed several of his dramas while in the latter country, and returned to Denmark in 1827. For several years he was professor of natural sciences in the university of Soro, and in 1846 he became professor of northern literature at Kiel. Ex- pelled from that office at the insurrection of 1848, Queen Maria Sophia Frederica offered him an asylum at the castle of Frederiksborg, where he resided several years. In 1851 he succeeded Oehlenschlager as professor of aes- thetics and belles-lettres at the university of Copenhagen. His works comprise many trage- dies, as Bajazet, Tiberius, Don Juan, &c. ; a dramatic epic, Hamadryaden ; lyrical poems and romantic tales, among which are Wilhelm Zabern (2d ed., 1848) and Robert Fulton (2 vols., 1853). He also -wrote upon zoology and other natural sciences. His Nordische My- thenlehre, in German, appeared in Leipsic in 1848. In concert with Forchhammer he pre- pared the "Life of Oersted" (Copenhagen, 1853). His latest works were : Charles de la iere (1860), Waldeman Seier (1862), Nye HAUPT 513 Digtninger (1869), Afhandlinger og eesthetiske Betragtninger (1869), and Minder fra min f^rste Udenlandsreise (Copenhagen, 1871). HAUG, Martin, a German orientalist, born at Ostdorf, Wtirtemberg, Jan. 30, 1827. By pri- vate study he made himself master of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. In 1848 he went to the university of Tubingen, where he studied San- skrit; and he afterward studied at Gottingen and Bonn. In 1856 he was invited to Heidel- berg by Bunsen, to aid him in preparing his Bibelwerk. In 1859 he went to India, and became professor of Sanskrit in the college at Poona, where he was brought into intercourse with the most learned native priests, and ac- quired a minute knowledge of their various forms of doctrine and worship. In 1863, under appointment from the British government, he made a journey through the province of Guze- rat, and collected many valuable manuscripts in Zend and Sanskrit. He returned to Europe in 1866. His principal works are: Ueber die Pehlewisprache und den Bundehesch (Gottin- gen, 1854) ; Ueb.er die Schrift und Sprache der zweiten Keilschriftgattung (1855) ; Die funf Gathas, &c. (2 vols., Leipsic, 1858-'60); "Es- says on the Sacred Language of the Parsees" (Bombay, 1862); and an edition, with a trans- lation, of "The Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda" (2 vols., Bombay, 1863). HAIJGHTON, William, an English dramatist, born in the latter half of the 16th century, died probably in the early part of the 17th. He is supposed to have written a number of dramas in connection with Decker and others, and a few unassisted. The only plays attrib- uted with certainty to him are the comedy, "Englishmen for my Money, or a Woman will have her Will," which is reprinted in "The Old English Drama" (4 vols. 12mo, 1830), and "The Pleasant Comedie of Patient Grissill," in which he was assisted by Chettle and Decker, and which was reprinted by the Shakespeare society in 1841. HAUKSBEE, or Hawksbee, Francis, an English natural philosopher, born in the latter part of the 17th century, died after 1731. He held the office of curator of experiments to the royal society, and was the first to mark the circumstances of electrical attraction and re- pulsion, and to observe the production of light by friction both in air and in a vacuum. His observations were given chiefly in "Phy si co- Mechanical Experiments on various Subjects" (4to, 1709; translated into French and en- larged, Paris, 1754). HAUPT, Moritz, a German philologist, born in Zittau, July 27, 1808, died in "Berlin, Feb. 5, 1874. He was a son of ERNST FBIEDEICH HATJPT (1774-1834), who was noted for his Latin metrical versions of Goethe's poems and of German church hymns. Moritz graduated at Leipsic in 1837, and was professor of Ger- man language and literature and of classical philosophy from 1838 to 1850, when he was removed on account of his sympathy with the
