HEINE since Voltaire. In 1831 he wrote a series of articles on the state of France for the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, which were collected and published both in French and German. In 1833 appeared his Beitrdge zur Geschichte der neu- ern schonen Literatur in Deutschland (2 vols., Hamburg), and L 'Allemagne, a characteristic and daring work, in which he attacked with relentless severity the romantic writers, the philosophers, and in fact nearly everybody. This book created a storm of fury in Germany, where democrats, pietists, Teutomaniacs, and state officials united in denouncing it ; while in France no other work has done so much to stop the current of romanticism. In 1840 he publish- ed a violent work on his former friend Borne, then dead. This involved him in a duel with the husband of a lady who was stigmatized in the book as having entertained illicit relations with Borne. In 1843 he paid his last visit to Germany to see his mother. His public bitter- ness and literary cruelties were in strange con- trast with his personal good qualities. He was generous, even self-sacrificing, especially to poor literary men, and during the cholera risked his life by remaining to nurse a sick cousin. In 1847 he was attacked by a painful spinal com- plaint, which tormented him almost without cessation until his death. By his own request all religious rites were omitted at his funeral. The bold infidelity, the reckless licentiousness, and the unqualified faith in the world and the flesh, which characterized Heine's life as well as lis writings, were counterbalanced by such sin- cere belief in his own doctrines, such sympathy for suifering, and such acute perception of the beautiful in every form, that it is difficult for those unfamiliar with the social developments of modern continental European life and liter- ature to appreciate his true nature or position. He received from the French government an an- nual pension of 4,000 francs from 1836 to 1848, but did not criticise it the less severely in his writings. In his later years Heine returned from unbounded skepticism, if not to an evan- gelical faith, at least to theism, the Bible being constantly read by him, and appearing to him, as he said, like a suddenly discovered treasure. As he still retained his love of paradox and of mystification, the real degree of his conversion became the subject of no little controversy and comment. In the latter part of his life Heine married "Mathilde," of whom he often speaks tenderly in his writings. His works, in addition to those mentioned, are : Franzosische Zustdnde (Hamburg, 1833) ; Der Salon (1834-'40) ; STialc- speare's MddcTien und Frauen (Leipsic, 1839); Neue Gedichte (Hamburg, 1844) ; Ballade uber die ScUacht von Hastings and Atta Troll (1847) ; Romanzero (1851) ; Doctor Faust, ein Tanzpoem (1851); VermiscUe Schriften (1854) ; and Les aveux d'unpoete de la nouvelle A llemagne, in the JKevue des Deux Mondes (1854). A collection of his works was published in German at Phil- adelphia in 1856 (6 vols. 8vo; new ed., 7 vols. 12mo, 1865), and a complete edition at Ham- HEINICKE 615 burg in 1861-7 (21 vols. 8vo). There is also a French version executed by Heine himself, under the revision of Gerard de Nerval and others, and several translations of special poems have appeared. The following works on Heine have appeared since his death : Hein- rich Heine, Erinnerungen, by Alfred Meissner (Hamburg, 1856) ; H. Heine's Wirlcen und Stre- len, by Strodtmann (1857) ; H. Heine's Denk- wurdigkeiten aus meinem Leben mit ihm, by Steinmann (1857) ; UeberH. Heine, by Schmidt- Weissenfels(1857); H. Heine's Leben und Werlce, by Strodtmann (1867-'8) ; Heinrich Heine und seine Zeit, by his niece, Helene Hirsch (pub- lished simultaneously in German and French, 1873); and "Life and Opinions of Heine," by William Stigant (2 vols., 1873). English ver- sions of Heine's works are: the "Pictures of Travel," translated by Charles G. Leland (Philadelphia, 1856) ; the " Book of Songs " by J. E. Wallis (London, 1856), and by C. G. Leland (Philadelphia, 1864); the "Poems of Heine, complete, translated in the Original Metres," by Edgar Alfred Bowring (London, 1859); and "Scintillations from the Prose Works of Heinrich Heine," translated by S. A. Stern (New York, 1873). HEINECCIFS, Johann Gottlieb, a German jurist, born in Eisenberg, Saxony, Sept. 11, 1681, died in Halle, Aug. 31, 1741. He was educated at Leipsic and at Halle, where he became pro- fessor of philosophy in 1713, and of law in 1721. He went to Franeker in 1723 and to Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1727, but resumed his professorship at Halle in 1733. His works are very numerous and of great value to the legal student. A collective edition was pub- lished at Geneva under the title of Opera ad Universam Jurisprudentiam, Philosophiam, et Liter as Humaniores Pertinentia (9 vols. 4to, 1769). HEINECKEN, hristian Heinrieb, a precocious child of Liibeck, born Feb. 6, 1721, died June 27, 1725. He could speak at the age of 10 months, recite the principal events of the Old Testa- ment two months afterward, and had com- mitted to memory the history of antiquity when little over two years old, besides speaking flu- ently Latin and French. At three years he was familiar with universal history and geog- raphy. From all sides people came to see him, and on the invitation of the king of Denmark he visited Copenhagen. His constitution was very delicate, and until four years old he was sup- ported only by the milk of his nurse. His bi- ography was written by his teacher, Christian von Schonerich. HEIMCKE, Samuel, a German educator, born at Nautschiitz, near Weissenfels, April 10, 1729, died in Leipsic, April 30, 1790. At 21 years of age he joined the life guards of the elector of Saxony, in which he served four years, and taught himself Latin and French. He afterward engaged in teaching, studied for a time at Jena, became a private tutor in Ham- burg, and in 1768 chorister in Eppendorf. He
