614: HEIDENHEIM HEINE chiefly to linseed oil and tobacco. Heidelberg was attached in 1362 to the Palatinate. Ru- pert I. enlarged it and made it an electoral residence. In 1384 the emperor Wenceslas signed here the union of Heidelberg, by which the different leagues of German cities were united in one. Heidelberg was plundered and partly ruined by Tilly in 1622, by Turenne in 1674, by Melac in 1688, and by Marshal de Lorges in 1693. These misfortunes led to its decline in political importance, which was finally completed by the residence of the elec- tors being removed to Mannheim in 1719. It was united to Baden in 1802. IIEIDENHEDI, a town of Wurtemberg, 46 m. E. S. E. of Stuttgart; pop. in 1871, 5,167. It has manufactories of woollen and cotton goods, cloth, tobacco, yarn, and machines. An im- portant trade is carried on in corn and cattle. The town is connected by railway with Aalen and the Stuttgart and Nordlingen railway. Ruins of the castle of the lords of Hellenstein, to whom Heidenheim and the neighboring country belonged till 1307, are still to be seen on the rock which overlooks the town. HEIGHTS, Measurement of. See BAROMETRI- CAL MEASUREMENT. HEILBROM, a fortified town of Wurtem- berg, on the right bank of the Neckar, 26 m. N. of Stuttgart, with which city it is connected by railway; pop. in 1871, 18,955. It has a gymnasium with a library of 12,000 volumes, and three Catholic and two Protestant churches, among which the church of St. Kilian is re- markable for the pure Gothic architecture of its choir and its beautiful tower, 220 ft. high. It stands on the site of a Roman station. In its vicinity is the castle in which Gotz von Berlichingen was imprisoned in 1525. Heil- bronn was a free imperial city until the begin- ning of the present century. In 1633 Oxen- stiern here concluded a treaty with the allies of Sweden for the continuation of the thirty years' war. HEILIGENSTADT, a town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, 47 m. N. W. of Erfurt, on the Leine; pop. in 1871, 4,882. The town is regularly built, and surrounded by walls, with three gates. It has a castle, a Protestant and two Catholic churches, a gymnasium, formerly a Jesuit college, a workhouse, a hospital, and an orphan asylum. The principal manufac- tures are of woollen yarns and wooden clocks; it has a considerable trade in cattle. In the neighborhood is the famous Calvarienberg. Heiligenstadt is said to have been built by Dagobert around the tomb of Bishop Aureus of Mentz, who was slain by the Thuringians; it was anciently the capital of the principality of Eichsfeld. It was destroyed by fire in 1333, and was captured in 1478 by Count Henry the younger of Schwarzburg, and in 1525 by Duke Henry of Brunswick. From 1807 to 1813 it belonged to the kingdom of Westphalia. IIEIM, Francois Joseph, a French painter, born in Belfort, Dec. 16, 1787, died in Paris, Oct. 2, 1865. He decorated the ceiling of the gallery of Charles X. in the Louvre with a represen- tation of Vesuvius receiving from Jupiter the fire which was to destroy Pompeii and Ilercu- laneum. His allegory of the renaissance of the arts, on the ceiling of the French gallery in the same building, was much admired. HEINE, Heinrieh, a German poet and critic, of Jewish parentage, born in Diisseldorf, Dec. 12, 1799, or as Steinmann asserts in 1797, died in Paris, Feb. 17, 1856. His first poem was written on Napoleon's visit to Diisseldorf (Nov. 2, 1810). At the lyceum of Dusseldorf he made great progress in the regular studies, mastering also English, French, and Italian. In 1815 he was sent to Frankfort to qualify himself for mercantile life, but showed such repugnance to it that in 1819 he was sent to Bonn to study law, but studied everything ex- cept law. In September, 1820, he went to Gottingen, which he learned to dislike and satirized bitterly in after years. He next re- moved to Berlin, where his character and feel- ings rapidly assumed that satirical indifferency and reckless audacity now identified with his name. While in Berlin he earnestly studied philosophy under Hegel, and became intimate with Chamisso, Fouque, Bopp, and Grabbe. 'Here in 1822 appeared his Gedichte, subse- quently published as " Youthful Sorrows " in his " Book of Songs." Though favorably re- ceived by eminent critics, they attracted at the time but little attention. A single sorrow, the early disappointment of Heine in his love for his cousin Evelina van Geldern, runs through all these poems. He also published at this period his plays Almansor and Radcliff, with the Lyrisches Intermezzo. In the summer of 1822 he made a journey to Poland. He re- turned to Gottingen in 1823, was made doctor of law in 1825, and in the same year went to Heiligenstadt, where on June 28 he is said to have been baptized into the Lutheran church. Heine had taken his legal degree because his uncle, the eminent Hamburg banker and phil- anthropist Salomon Heine, had made it a con- dition of giving him his education. He how- ever continued to aid him in his chosen literary career. He now went to Hamburg, where in 1826 he published the Harzreise, the first part of his Reiselilder. Very few books ever ex- cited in Germany such an extraordinary sen- sation. In 1827 he went to Munich to edit with Dr. Lindner the PolitiscJie Annalen. In 1829 he returned to Berlin, and here occurred the famous quarrel with the poet Platen, who, having satirized Heine, received in return the most bitter sarcasm "and withering abuse. Literature hardly affords any parallel to this cynical retort. In 1831 Heine went to Paris, having become so obnoxious to the Prussian government as a liberal writer that he had to choose between exile and imprisonment. From this time till 1848 his influence in Germany was very great, and he acquired in France the reputation of being the wittiest French writer
