HENRY V. (GERMANY) not sorry to find the rival emperors consuming their strength against each other, is supposed to have fostered the quarrel for his own purposes. At length, influenced by the Saxons, he sent the crown to Rudolph, and again excommunicated Henry. The latter, in turn, again declared the deposed, and caused an antipope, Clem- ent III., to be elected. At this period (1079) fortune appeared to favor Henry ; but in the following year he lost a great battle near Gera. In the action, however, Rudolph was slain by Godfrey of Bouillon, the hero of the first crusade. The fall of Rudolph, although his army was victorious, was considered a judg- ment of God, and the effect was to enlist an iinense increase of numbers in the service Henry, who now marched upon Rome, and jsieged it with short intervals during three jars. Gregory retreated into the castle of it' Angelo, and Henry contented himself rith a coronation by his own pope, Clement 1084). Robert Guiscard, the Norman duke f Calabria, at length approached from lower Italy, and Henry retired, leaving Rome to be jlundered by the Normans, and Gregory to be iscued by them from his own people, who had lid siege to the castle. Hermann of Luxem- )urg succeeded Rudolph in the rival emperor- "lip, and Victor succeeded Gregory in the ri- papacy (1085) ; but neither could withstand le power of Henry. Hermann soon abdicated, id his successor, Egbert of Thuringia, having 3en assassinated, the Saxons submitted. Hen- r's eldest son, Conrad, whom he had named ing of the Romans, was now gained over by the papal party. He was deposed, and died in 1101. His defection was followed by that of his brother Henry, who, in view of the renew- al of the papal ban against his father by the popes who had in turn succeeded Victor, re- solved to support the church. He pretended a reconciliation, however, and the emperor, having been treacherously seized and carried prisoner to Ingelheirn, was compelled by the prince to resign his throne. Henry escaped, and sought refuge at Liege, where he died. HENRY V., emperor of Germany, surnamed the Young, second son of the preceding, born in 1081, died in Utrecht, May 23, 1125. His filial ingratitude and treachery are noticed in the account of Henry IV., whom he succeeded in 1106. Notwithstanding his revolt against his father, he acted from the outset of his reign according to the principles of the late emperor, and in defiance of the pope he claimed the right of investiture. He espoused Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, and was enabled by her dowry to go to Italy with great magnifi- cence and a strong military force, to be crowned by the pope. The pontiff, Paschal II., had made propositions of compromise in regard to the dispute concerning investitures, and the subject was to be adjusted in solemn assembly in the church of St. Peter ; where, however, an an- gry discussion among the bishops was followed by the seizure and imprisonment of the pope HENRY VI. (GERMANY) 659 and cardinals. Henry's army, encamped around the church, was attacked by the enraged Ro- mans, and in a furious battle the emperor's life was with difficulty saved by Count Otho of Milan, at the expense of his own. The Romans were driven into the city, and after Henry had ravaged the surrounding country, the pope pur- chased his own liberty and the safety of the city by consenting solemnly to the imperial right of investiture, declaring at the same time that Henry should not be excommunicated. The latter clause was incorporated in the treaty, and the emperor was crowned in St. Peter's, April 13, 1111. But scarcely had he taken his departure, when Paschal denounced the treaty as having been extorted by force. The dispute, thus renewed, was protracted with great animosity for ten years. Henry was ex- communicated by the successors of Paschal, and defeated in northern Germany, where the prin- ces refused obedience. In Saxony also the empe- ror lost all authority. In 1116 he led a second expedition against Rome, created an antipope, Gregory VIII., but at length saw the necessity of abandoning his claim, and subscribed the fa- mous concordat of Worms (1122), by which he surrendered the investiture with ring and cro- sier as tokens of spiritual jurisdiction, and agreed to permit the free choice of the German bishops, whose election, however, was to take place in presence of the emperor or of his plen- ipotentiary. It was also agreed that in doubt- ful elections, or in electoral disagreements, the decision should lie with the emperor, whose imperial authority, in connection with the tem- poral possessions of the churchmen, was at the same time solemnly acknowledged. The con- cordat, virtually a compromise, was received throughout Europe with great joy, and the re- mainder of Henry's reign was passed in peace with the church; but dissensions prevailed throughout his dominions. He formed plans for strengthening the imperial power, and be- gan a war with France, but was cut off sudden- ly by a contagious disease. With him ended the race of Salian or Franconian princes. His hereditary possessions fell to the sons of his sister Agnes, Frederick and Conrad of Hohen- staufen ; and the imperial crown was conferred upon Lothaire of Saxony. HENRY "VI., surnamed the Cruel, emperor of Germany, son and successor of Frederick I. (Barbarossa), born in 1165, died in Sicily, Sept. 28, 119V. He had been crowned king by the Lombards in 1185, and was also during his father's lifetime named successor to the impe- rial throne. In 1186 he married the Norman heiress, Constance of Naples and Sicily. On the death of Frederick in Cilicia (1190), Henry, who had been invested with the government during his father's absence, succeeded with- out opposition. But the return from England of Henry the Lion of Saxony, who had been temporarily exiled by Frederick, provoked new wars, which were terminated by the mar- riage of the son of the duke with Agnes, prin-
