HERMANNSTADT HERMAPHRODITE 683 (1802; 4th ed., 1834) and Libri de Particula av (1831). He also edited most of the plays of Euripides, the u Clouds " of Aristophanes, the "Trinummus" of Plau- tus, the " Poetics " of Aristotle, the hymns of Orpheus, and those ascribed to Homer, Bion, Moschus, and JEschylus, and completed the edition of Sophocles begun by Erfurdt. He discussed the significance of classical mythol- ogy in De Mythologia Grcecorum Antiquissima (1807), and in Brief e uber Homer und Hesio- dus, written by him and Creuzer (Heidelberg, 1818). A collection of his essays was publish- ed under the title Opuscula (7 vols., 1827-'30). HERMANNSTADT (Hung. Nagy-Szeberi), a city of Transylvania, capital of the land of the Saxons, on the Zibin, 70 m. S. S. E. of Klau- eenburg ; pop. in 1869, 18,998, of whom 69 per cent, were Germans. It consists of an upper a lower town, and is surrounded by a wall | with five gates. The principal public edifices are the churches, the palace of Baron Brticken- thal, a Lutheran and a Roman Catholic gym- nasium, barracks, hospital, theatre, town hall, and government offices. The palace contains a picture gallery, a library, and a museum of Roman antiquities. The ramparts have been converted into fine promenades. There are considerable manufactures of linen and woollen pottery, &c. Hermannstadt is the seat of the Lutheran chief consistory, and of a Greek bish- op, the head of the Greek church of the Rou- man nationality. It was founded in the 12th century by a German colony. In the course of the 15th and 16th centuries it was often be- sieged by the Turks, and was taken by them in 1536. At the beginning of the 17th cen- tury it was subjected to great calamities by Gabriel Batori. Several battles between the Austrians and the Hungarians under Bern were Hermannstadt. fought there at the beginning of 1849. In the early days of March the town was occupied by the Russians, but taken by Bern, March 11. A conflict between the Russians and Hungari- ans on July 20 resulted in the occupation of the town by the former on the following day, but on Aug. 4 Bern reconquered it. After the overthrow of the Hungarian revolution Her- mannstadt was for a time the capital of Tran- sylvania. HERMAPHRODITE (Gr. 'Ep^f, Mercury, and poni, Venus), an animal or plant uniting in itself the sexual characters of the male and female. The name is derived from the fable of the union into one of the bodies of Her- maphroditus, son of Mercury and Venus, and the nymph Salmacis. There are two kinds of hermaphroditism, the spurious and the true ; in the former there is only an appearance, from arrest or excess of development, of a union of opposite sexual characters ; in the latter there is an actual coexistence in the same individual of more or less of both male and female or- gans. By far the largest number of cases of hermaphroditism, in man and the vertebrate animals, belong to the first class. They are simply cases in which the individual is in real- ity exclusively male or female, but some of the accessory genital organs are so changed, either by excessive or deficient growth, or by change of position, as to resemble the corresponding parts in the opposite sex. In the second class of cases, where real male and female organs coexist upon the same individual, either one or the other set of organs is incomplete or imper- fectly developed. According to the best au- thorities, no case has yet been known, in man or the higher animals, where the same indi- vidual presented simultaneously the complete male and female organizations. But true her- maphroditism is the normal type of sexual struc- ture in almost all phanerogamic plants, the reproductive organs being either upon the same flower or upon different flowers on the same stock ; and this condition is sometimes found as a monstrosity in dioecious plants. Perfect hermaphroditism exists also normally in many invertebrate animals, as, according to Siebold, in the ctenophora among acattpM ; the cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes among
