724 HILDA HILDEGARD the Christian faith. About 353 he was chosen bishop of his native city, and set himself zeal- ously to combat the Arian heresy, which was then the religion of the emperor Constantius II., and predominant in Italy, Spain, and Af- rica, and which the protection of the emperor and his officers and their persecution of the orthodox were making popular among the peo- ple and clergy of Gaul. In 355 Hilary wrote to the emperor, remonstrating with him on this persecuting spirit. In 356 he was in- duced to present himself to the council of Be- ziers, almost entirely composed of Arian bish- ops, when he attacked Saturninus of Aries, the apostle of Arianism in Gaul, but was con- demned by the majority, denounced to the em- peror as a disturber of the peace of the church, and banished to Phrygia, together with his friend Rodanius, bishop of Toulouse. From his exile he wrote frequently to his flock and his brother bishops in Gaul to stir up their faith, fortitude, and zeal. He composed at the same time his work on " Synods," which was written in a conciliatory spirit, and his 12 books on "The Trinity," which became the standard of orthodoxy in the western churches. In 359, at the instance of the emperor and the Asiatic bishops, he assisted at the council of Seleucia in Isauria, and triumphantly defended the divinity of Christ. From thence he went to Constantinople, where he boldly arraigned the emperor and his Arian counsellors, who deemed it advisable to send him back to Gaul. Before leaving the capital he wrote his vehe- ment " Invective against Constantius." He assembled several councils after his return to Poitiers, and obtained the deposition of Satur- ninus, and a formal retractation from nearly all the bishops who had subscribed to the creed of Ariminum. He then passed over into Italy to oppose as well the untimely severity of the orthodox Lucifer as the proselytizing and persecuting zeal of Auxentius, the favor- ite of the new emperor Valentinian ; but he was forced by an imperial order to return to his diocese, where he soon after died. St. Jerome calls Hilary " the Rhone of Latin eloquence " (LatinoR eloquentim Rhodanus). The best edi- tions of his works are that published by the Benedictine Constant (fol., Paris, 1693 ; repub- lished by Maffei with several additions, Vero- na, 1730), and that of Oberthiler (4 vols. 8vo, Wurzburg, l781-'8). See Reinkens's mono- graph, Hilarius von Poitiers (Schaffhausen, 1864 ; Breslau, 1865). HILDA, Saint, abbess of Streaneshalch (now Whitby) in Yorkshire, born in 617, died in 680. She was a grandniece of Edwin, king of ISTorthumbria, was devoted to a religious life from her 13th year, and founded in the reign of Oswald a small nunnery on the Wear. In 650 she became abbess of Hartlepool, where in 655 she was intrusted by Oswy with the edu- cation of his daughter Elfleda. The royal mu- nificence enabled her to erect soon afterward a monastery at Whitby, which her reputation for sanctity soon made the most flourishing in England. It became the home of many emi- nent men, among whom may be mentioned Hedda, Wilfrid, and Csedmon, the poet. Hil- da's feast is celebrated on Nov. 18. She is praised by historians for her successful efforts in converting the pagans. HILDBURGHAISEN. I. A former duchy of Germany, since 1826 united with Meiningen, (See SAXE-MEININGEN-HILDBURGHAUSEN.) II. A town, capital of the duchy, on the Werra, 20 m. S. E. of Meiningen; pop. in 1871, 5,148. It has a ducal castle, a gymnasium, an insane asylum, a normal school, and a deaf and dumb institution. The bibliographical institute of J. Meyer, which in 1828 was transferred hither from Gotha, is among the most prominent publishing houses of Germany. From 1695 to 1826 the town was the residence of the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. HILDEBRAND. See GEEGOEY VII. HILDEBRANDT. I. Ferdinand Theodor, a Ger- man painter, born in Stettin, July 2, 1804. He studied under Wilhelm Schadow at Berlin, with whom in 1826 he went to Dusseldorf, and in 1830 to Italy, finally taking up his residence at Dusseldorf, where he became professor. His works include examples in historical, re- ligious, and genre art. Scenes from poetry, especially from Shakespeare, are his favorite subjects. Among his pictures are: " Faust" (1825), " Cordelia and King Lear," for which Devirent sat as a model (1826), "Romeo and Juliet" (1827), "Clorinda" (1828), "The Rob- bers" (1829), "Judith and Holofernes" (1830), "The Soldier and his Child" (1832), "The Children of King Edward " (1835), " Othello before the Doge of Venice" (1848), "Juliet taking the Draught" (1853), and "Cordelia reading the Letter to Kent" (1859). Among his later works are illustrations of Uhland and designs from German ballads. He has also painted many portraits, those of old men being especially admired. He has been styled the first colorist of the Dusseldorf school. II. Ednard, a German landscape and genre painter, born in Dantzic, Sept. 9, 1817, died in Berlin, Oct. 25, 1868. He was a pupil of Isabey, and in 1843 gained the first prize at the Paris exhi- bition. He then took up his residence in Ber- lin, and became professor in the academy of art. Among his numerous pictures, of which aerial effects are the predominant characteris- tic, are scenes in North and South America, the Pyrenees, the Canaries, Madeira, the Ori- ent, the Alpine regions, and the extreme north of Europe. He illustrated a hall in the Sans Souci palace with scenes from the Holy Land. IIILUEGARD, or Bildegardis, Saint, born in 1098 at Bockelheim, in the diocese of Mentz, died at Rupertsberg, near Bingen, in 1180. Her father, who held the rank of count, intrusted her in her 8th year to the abbess of the Bene- dictine convent of Disibodenberg, of which she afterward became abbess herself. While there she had her first ecstatic visions, of which she
