crc HILDESHEIM w up a relation. Her fame so increased the umber of her nuns, that she built a new con- en t on the Rupertsberg, on the Rhine. She ow wrote several books both in German and in n, and published a full account of her reve- tions in a work called Scivias. She corre- onded with all the crowned heads, princes, id prelates of her time, and travelled through tie cities of Germany, discoursing publicly on ivine things. Her visions or revelations were nsidered by many as illusions. They were amined by the council of Trevesin 1147, and eir publication was authorized by Pope Eu- nius III. Hildegard has never been solemnly nonized. Her feast is celebrated on Sept. 17. complete edition of her writings was publish- in Cologne in 1566. Among the most im- >rtant are : Scivias, sen Eevelationum Libri 7/(fol., Cologne, 1698); Sanctas Hildegardis '"pistoles, in Martene's collection (Rouen, 1700) ; r ortus Sanitatis, a medical dictionary, which, printed with the Etymologicon of Isidore of Seville, forms an encyclopaedia of the middle ages ; and Libri quatuor Elementorum (Stras- burg, 1533). See Meiners, De Sanctce Hilde- gardis Vita, Scriptis et Meritis (Gottingen, 793); Dahl, Die Ueilige Hildegard (Mentz, 832) ; and Reuss, De Libris Physicis Sancta T ildegardis (Wiirzburg, 1835). HILDESHEIM, a town of Prussia, in the prov- ince and 18 m. S. E. of the city of Hanover; pop. in 1871, 20,532, including about 6,500 Roman Catholics and 400 Jews. The con- uction of the town is irregular, but the ooked streets are exceedingly quaint, and vestiges of remote antiquity abound in every direction, especially in the churches, many of which are Roman Catholic, owing to the me- diaeval celebrity of the place as the capital of a great episcopal see ; and it continues to be the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. The cathe- dral contains a treasury rich in antique church plate, and many famous relics and works of art. Other renowned Catholic edifices are those of St. Godehard and St. Michael, and St. Andrew's Lutheran church is remarkable for its lofty towers. Hildesheim abounds in hos- pitals and charitable institutions, and among the numerous schools are seminaries for Roman Catholics and Protestants. The trade consists chiefly in agricultural and horticultural pro- ducts, and leather, sail cloth, tobacco, and car- riages are manufactured. In 1868 many Ro- man antiquities were discovered here, including a number of silver vessels, supposed to belong to the camp equipment of Varus. Charle- magne founded the see of Elze, which was transferred by Louis le D6bonnaire to Hildes- heim shortly after his father's death. In the 10th and llth centuries, under the bishoprics of St. Bernward and St. Godehard, it reached an importance which, despite occasional con- flicts, went on increasing till early in the 16th century, when a bitter struggle, known in his- tory as the Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde, resulted in the annexation of a great part of the terri- HILDRETH 725 tory to the Brunswick dominions. Many of these possessions were restored to the see in 1643, and full religious liberty was secured in 1711 for the Protestant population, who had long been subjected to persecutions on the part of the Catholic authorities. The see was al- lotted to Prussia in consequence of the peace of Luneville (1801). In 1807 it became part of the French kingdom of Westphalia, after the fall of which it was a Hanoverian princi- pality till 1866, when it became part of Prussia. H1LDRETH, Richard, an American author, born in Deerfield, Mass., June 28, 1807, died in Florence, Italy, July 11, 1865. He gradu- ated at Harvard college in 1826, and while studying law in Newburyport furnished con- tributions to the " Boston Magazine " and the " New England Magazine." He entered upon the practice of law in Boston, but abandoned it in July, 1832, to become the editor of the "Boston Atlas." In the autumn of 1834 he went for the benefit of his health to the south, where he resided about a year and a half on a plantation. While here his anti-slavery nov- el, "Archy Moore" (1837), was written. It was republished in England, and in 1852 an enlarged American edition appeared under the title of "The White Slave." In 1836 he trans- lated from the French of Dumont Bentham's "Theory of Legislation" (2 vols. 16mo, Bos- ton, 1840). His next publication was a "His- tory of Banks," an argument for the system of free banking with security to bill-holders, sub- sequently adopted in New York and several other states. In 1837 he wrote for the "At- las" a series of articles against the annexation of Texas, which did much to stimulate the obstinate resistance it encountered in the free states. After passing the winter of 1837-'8 in Washington as correspondent of the "Atlas," he resumed his editorial post as an advocate of Gen. Harrison, of whom he wrote a biography. In 1840 he published, under the title of "Des- potism in America," a volume on the political, economical, and social aspects of slavery, to which in the edition of 1854 was appended a chapter on the "Legal Basis of Slavery." His controversial pamphlets, including a letter to Prof. Andrews Norton of Cambridge on " Mir- acles," were contributions to a long and ex- citing theological discussion in Massachusetts. A residence of three years, commencing with 1840, in Demerara, British Guiana, stimulated his anti-slavery activity; and, as the editor successively of two newspapers in George- town, the capital of the colony, he earnestly advocated the system of free labor. His " The- ory of Morals'-' (Boston, 1844), and his "The- ory of Politics" (New York, 1853), written during his sojourn in Guiana, were attempts to apply rigorously to ethical and political sci- ence the same inductive method of inquiry which has proved so successful in other sci- ences. His principal work is his "History of the United States " (6 vols. 8vo, New York, 1849-'56). This undertaking he had project-
