772 HOLOTHURIANS HOLSTON serious, Dr. Holmes stands in the first rank; many of his best poems are of this class, and have been written for social or festive occa- sions at which they have been recited or sung by the poet himself. Of patriotic lyrics few are likely to have a longer life than his stirring verses to "Old Ironsides," and his "Last Leaf" is one of the most famous of those rare poems in which humor and pathos are successfully blended. He' is also popular as a lyceum lec- turer. He has distinguished himself by his re- searches in auscultation and microscopy. In 1838 he published three " Boylston Prize Dis- sertations;" in 1842, "Lectures on Homoeop- athy and its Kindred Delusions ;" in 1848, a " Report on Medical Literature," in the " Trans- actions of the National Medical Society ;" a pamphlet on " Puerperal Fever ;" and, in con- junction with Dr. Jacob Bigelow, an edition of Hall's " Theory and Practice of Medicine " (8vo, 1839). His later works are : " Currents and Countercurrents in Medical Science" (1861) ; " Elsie Venner, a Romance of Destiny " (2 vols., 1861) ; " Songs in Many Keys " (1864) ; " Soundings from the Atlantic " (1864) ; " The Guardian Angel " (1868) ; and " Mechanism in Thought and Morals" (1870). HOLOTHURIANS. See SEA CUCUMBER. HOLST, Hans Peder, a Danish poet, born in Copenhagen in 1811. He received a superior education, and became in 1836 professor of Danish and of logic at the military academy of Copenhagen. His works include Nytaarsgave (4 vols., Copenhagen, 1835-'8), Dansk Leese- bog (1837-'9 ; 5th ed., 1857), and the poems Mindeblatt om Kong Frederik VI. (1839), and Farvel, in honor of the same sovereign (1840), which have been translated into many lan- guages. He has also published novels and translations from German and French. HOLSTEIN (Lat. Holsatia), a former duchy of Denmark, and a state of the Germanic con- federation, now part of Schleswig-Holstein, a province of Prussia. Of the history of Hoi- stein until its union with Schleswig little is known. It is probable that the great migra- tion of the Cimbri extended as far north as Hoi- stein. It is known that Tiberius Caesar pene- trated in the following century to the mouth of the Elbe. Tacitus seems to indicate that the seven small German tribes which wor- shipped the goddess Hertha inhabited the coasts of the Baltic as far as Mecklenburg and Schleswig. Of the names of these tribes, that of the Angles exists in the county of Angeln in Schleswig, and that of the Varini in the towns of Warnow and Warnemunde, in Meck- lenburg ; all the other names disappear in the consolidation of tribes under the name of Sax- ons, who are mentioned for the first time by the geographer Ptolemy. (See SAXONS.) An- gles, Saxons, Jutlanders, and Frisians appear together in the great emigration to Britain during the 5th century. The Saxons in Hoi- stein were subsequently designated as North Albingians (from Albis, Elbe), and the country was known during the middle ages as North Albingia, or Saxonia Transalbiana. They were subjugated by Charlemagne, who obtained in 811, by a treaty with Hemming, king of the Danes, the whole of Holstein as far as the Eider. His son Louis le D6bonnaire founded in 834 the archbishopric of Hamburg, and gave it to Ansgar, the apostle of the north ; but in 854 it was consolidated with the bishopric of Bremen. Christian civilization made however little progress in Holstein. The country was for many years harassed by Danish invaders, until Henry I. of Germany succeeded in re- storing the ancient boundary between the Eider and the Schlei (934). Conrad II. ceded the ter- ritory between the two rivers to the Danish king Canute the Great in 1027, and the Eider re- mained from that time the northern line of de- markation. Holstein continued to be part of the duchy of Saxony, and to be ruled by Saxon vice counts, until Duke (subsequently Emperor) Lothaire invested with it in 1106 Count Adol- phus I. of Schauenburg. Adolphus II. (died in 1 164) conquered Wagria, and Adolphus III. Dit- marsh ; but the latter was taken prisoner by the Danes, and was compelled to cede Holstein to Waldemar II. Adolphus IV. reconquered it in 1225, and divided it between his two sons. Af- ter their death arose five lines, of which the line Segeberg became extinct in 1308, Kiel in 1321, Plon in 1390, and Rendsburg in 1459. The Schauenburg line, which continued till 1640, possessed only part of Stomarn, the so-called domain of Pinneberg. Mechthild, daughter of Adolphus IV., married in 1237 Duke Abel of Schleswig, who was subsequently king of Den- mark (1250-'52). The Danish crown fell after his death to another house, and his heirs were engaged in numerous conflicts for the posses- sion of the duchy of Schleswig, and received great assistance from their relatives, the counts of Holstein. Denmark fell into anarchy, and Gerhard, of the Rendsburg line, ruled it from 1334 to 1340, and obtained Schleswig as a he- reditary fief. His sons were not able to retain the regal power, and Denmark was reconstruct- ed by Waldemar IV. Some portions of Schles- wig remained the property of the counts of Holstein, who took possession of the whole duchy in 1375, at the death of Duke Henry, the last descendant of Abel, and obtained it in August, 1386, by treaty at Nyborg in Fiinen, as a hereditary fief, and Gerhard VI., of the Rendsburg line, was invested Avith it. The his- tory of Holstein from this time is included in that of Schleswig. (See SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.) HOLSTON, a river formed by the junction at Kingsport, Tenn., of the N^ and S. forks, which rise in the Alleghany mountain in S. W. Virginia. It flows S. W., passing by Knox- ville, and, after a course of about 200 m., joins the Clinch, near Kingston, Roane co., to form the Tennessee. It is navigated by steam- boats at all seasons to Knoxville, and during the winter to Kingsport. The principal tribu' taries are the French Broad and the Little Ten-
