PRINTING others. By these means the ink is uniformly distributed, and is then taken up. by the inking rollers; two or more of these, arranged in a frame, pass over the form, transferring to it the required amount of ink. The Adams press as now made will work about 1,000 impressions in an hour. All the operations, except that of feeding the sheets, and sometimes even that are performed automatically. For some kinds of work, especially for newspapers, still greater rapidity was needed ; and for this it was neces- sary to employ a rotatory motion in some form. The first successful attempt was made in Lon- don by Friedrich Konig, a German mecha- nist. His press was first used for the " Times v newspaper in November, 1814. In this the form of type moved horizontally, and it could give about 1,800 impressions an hour. In 1827 this was superseded in the "Times" by the simpler and more rapid machines of Cowper and Applegath. An improved machine of this kind, having eight impression cyl- inders, and capable of producing from 8,000tol2,000copies an hour, was built for the " Times " in 1848, and was used for several years, when it was for a time replaced by Hoe's American ro- tary press. A num- ber of machines of this general character have been invented in Europe and Amer- ica. Among cylin- der presses manufac- tured in this country are those of Hoe, A. B. Taylor, Potter, Campbell, and Cot- trell and Babcock, each of which has its distinctive merits. The so-called "stop cylinder" presses are used for the finest cut and book work. These have a flat bed which runs back and forth under a large revolving cylinder. The sheets are fed by hand to this cylinder, which catches the edge by a set of iron fingers, and in its revo- lution brings it upon the form. The bed and cylinder are geared together, so that their rates of motion are uniform. The inking ap- paratus is quite perfect, and the machines do good work, even upon woodcuts, at the rate of about 1,200 impressions an hour. For newspapers of large circulation the cylinder press has been superseded by the rotary or type-revolving press, in which the form is placed upon a portion of the circumference of a^ large drum or cylinder. The impression is given by smaller cylinders, to which the paper is fed by hand, each having its own inking 853 as rac- ew on one apparatus. The number of these impression cylinders was increased to as many as ten, the machine then working off ten sheets at each revolution of the drum. The idea of the ro tary machine was suggested in England early as 1815, but was first brought into pr ticai use in 1847 by Richard M Hoe of N York ma machine which would print on n side 15,000 or 20,000 sheets an hour This was soon adopted by nearly all the leading American daily newspapers, and by several in the principal cities of England and Scotland, and also in Australia. Within a few years a great advance has been made in the invention of "perfecting" machines, by which a paper is printed on both sides at one operation from a continuous roll. The Walter machine, upon which the London " Times " and the New York 'Times" are now printed, gives 11,000 per- fected sheets an hour. It requires two men FIG. 5. Victory Press. to pile up the sheets as cut apart from the roll. The Bullock press, invented by William A. Bullock of Philadelphia, receives the roll after being dampened by a separate machine, cuts the sheets apart, and delivers them piled up at the rate of 8,000 to 11,000 an hour ; its action is entirely automatic. To the Victory press is attached a folding machine. It will print, separate, fold, and deliver in order about 8,000 an hour of an eight-page newspaper, of 50 in. square; or it will print, cut, fold, and paste at the back a 24-page sheet at the rate of 7,000 an hour. The accompanying illustration presents a sectional view of this machine, showing the positions of the sev- eral parts, the course followed by the sheets being indicated by arrows. In the Hoe per- fecting press, the rolled-up sheet is more than m. long, equal to about 10,000 newspr pers. The machine has three pairs of cylin
