854: PRINTING ders geared together, the circumference of each being just equal to the length of the required sheet. The curved stereotype plates occupy the periphery of one cylinder, which is fur- nished with an ink fountain and rollers; the other is the impression cylinder. The paper on passing between them is printed on the first side, and then going on to the second pair of cylinders, presenting its blank side to the form, receives the impression on that side. It then passes on to the cutting cylinders, one of which bears on its periphery a vibrating knife, which FIG. 6. Hoe's Perfecting Press. at each revolution enters a groove in the oppo- site cylinder, cutting off a sheet. The sheets are carried forward by endless tapes, and are finally delivered to the flyer, which piles them up. A counter is attached, which shows the number of sheets printed. The machine is about 20 ft. long, 6 wide, and 7 high, and will give 12,000 or more perfected sheets an hour. Several of these machines are in use in London as well as the United States, and two are now (1875) building for Australia. A great variety of small presses for circulars, bill heads, cards, &c., are in use, some of them of very ingenious structure, working rapidly, and gen- erally moved by foot treadles. For printing in different colors, as many separate forms and impressions were formerly required as there were colors ; but an inking apparatus which can be attached to an ordinary printing press has been invented by Israel L. G. Eice of Cam- bridge, Mass., by means of which any desired number of colors can be printed at a single im- pression, but only in bands or stripes. The bib- liography of printing is very voluminous. For its origin and early history see the works cited under COSTER and GUTENBERG, and also Schaab, Die GescMchte der Erfindung der BucJidruclc- erkunst, &c. (3 vols. 8vo, Mentz, 1830-'31) ; Wetter, Kritische GescMchte der Erfindung der BuchdruckerTcunst durcJi Johann Gutenberg (8vo, Mentz, 1838) ; Theodor O. Weigel, Die Anfdnge der BucJidruckerlcunst (2 vols. imp. 4to, Leipsic, 1866); and A. Van der Linde, "The Haarlem Legend of the Invention of Printing" (8vo, London, 1871). Panzer's An- nales TypograpJiici (12 vols. fol., Nuremberg, 1793-1809) contains the titles of nearly every known work printed in Europe to the year 1536, arranged under the names of the places where they were executed, and thus forms a condensed history of the first century of the art. Dibdin's BibliotJieca Spenceriana (6 vols., London, 1814-'23) gives a description of books notable for intrinsic worth or for beautiful typography printed during the 15th century. But the most complete work of this class is Brunet's Manuel du libraire et de V amateur de livres (5th ed., 7 vols., Paris, 1860-'67), the result of 50 years' labor. Charles Knight's "The Old Printer and the Modern Press" (London, 1854) gives an account of the pro- gress of the art in England, and describes the presses in use up to. that date. Isaiah Thom- as's " History of Printing in America" (2 vols., Worcester, 1810) gives a general view of the discovery and progress of the art, and a full account of its early period in America. On practical typography see Timperley, "Diction- ary of Printers and Printing " (2d ed., London, 1842); Lefe'vre, Guide pratique du compositeur (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1855) ; Marahrens, Hand- buch der TypograpMe (2 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1870); and the "American Encyclopedia of Printing" (Philadelphia, 1871). (See BIBLI- OGRAPHY, BOOK, and NEWSPAPERS.) PRINTING, Calico. See CALICO. END OF VOLUME THIRTEENTH.
