794: YOUATT YOUNG dition that the premises should he held for public use, resort, and recreation, and should be inalienable for all time. The governor soon after appointed commissioners to have the management of the valley, and the state legis- lature at its next session accepted the grant. The name Yosemite is an Indian word signi- fying "grisly bear," but it is not the name now applied to the valley by the Indians, who call it Ahwahnee or Auwoni. See " The Yo- semite Guide Book," by J. D. Whitney, state geologist (new ed., 1874). YOUATT, William, an English veterinary sur- geon, born in 1777, died in London, Jan. 9, 1847. He published "On Canine Madness" (London, 1830) ; " The Horse " (1831 ; enlarged ed. by E. N. Gabriel, 1859; enlarged ed. by Walker Watson, 1866); "Sheep" (1832); "Cattle" (1834); "Obligation and Extent of Humanity to Brutes" (1839); "The Dog" (1842); "The Pig" (1847); and "The Com- plete Grazier" (llth ed., 1864). In 1828 he established "The Veterinarian," the first pe- riodical devoted to that class of subjects. YOl HAS, Edward Livingston, an American scientific writer, born at Coeymans, N. Y., June 3, 1821. In his childhood his parents set- tled in Saratoga. At the age of 13 he was at- tacked with ophthalmia, resulting in blindness for several years, from which he recovered with very obscure vision and constant liability to the recurrence of the disease. He studied ele- mentary chemistry and physics with the aid of his sister, who experimented and read for him, while he wrote with a machine of his own contrivance. In 1851 ho issued a chemical chart illustrating composition by colored dia- grams, which was revised and enlarged in 1856. In 1852 he published the "Class Book of Chemistry " (revised ed., 1863; translated into Spanish, 1866), which he rewrote in 1875, on the basis of recent chemical doctrines. In 1853 appeared "Alcohol and the Constitution of Man;" and in 1855 "The Chemical Atlas," with text. In 1857 he published " The Hand- book of Household Science," and in 1864 " The Correlation and Conservation of Forces," a compilation with an introduction. In 1867 he printed "The Culture Demanded by Mod- ern Life," a compilation with an introduction, and containing an original lecture on "The Scientific Study of Human Nature." He has pursued a course of medical study, and received the degree of M. D. from the university of Vermont, but has not practised. He has lec- tured extensively, and, in his courses on "The Chemistry of the Sunbeam" and "The Dy- namics of Life," was the first to expound popu- larly the doctrines of the conservation of energy and the mutual relations of forces. In 1871 he planned the "International Scien- tific Series," and arranged for the publication of the works in New York, London, Paris, and Leipsic, the arrangement being subsequently extended to St. Petersburg and Milan. The project was based on the idea of payment to authors from the sale in all countries. Twen- ty volumes of the series have been issued (1876). In connection with this and similar undertakings he has made several visits to Europe. In 1872 he established the "Popular Science Monthly " in New York. Dr. You- mans has been instrumental in publishing the works of Herbert Spencer in this country, and he has also promoted the circulation here of the works of various foreign scientific writers, with the same remuneration to them that is al- lowed to American authors. His sister, ELIZA ANNE YOUMANS, became interested in the sci- entific studies which she aided him to pursue, and her fondness for children led her to apply them to early education. In 1870 she published the "First Book of Botany, designed to culti- vate the Observing Powers of Children," and in 1873 the " Second Book of Botany." These are intended to promote the systematic study of plants as objects, in place of the loose and incoherent "object lessons" in general use. She has also prepared an enlarged edition of Henslow's "Botanical Charts" (1873), trans- lated from the French Quatrefages's " Natu- ral History of Man" (1875), and contributed to the " Popular Science Monthly " and other periodicals. YOUNG, a N. W. county of Texas, intersected by the Brazos river ; area, 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 135, of whom 4 were colored. The sur- face is undulating and diversified by prairie and woodland, and the soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 1,700 bushels of Indian corn. There were 88 horses, 14,236 cattle, and 740 swine. Capital, Graham. YOUNG, Alexander, an American clergyman, born in Boston, Sept. 22, 1800, died there, March 16, 1854. He graduated at Harvard college in 1820, studied theology at Cambridge, and in 1825 was settled as pastor of the New South Congregational church in Boston. He published " Discourses on the Life and-Charac- ter of John T. Kirkland" (Boston, 1838), and a similar work on Nathaniel Bowditch (1840; both afterward in 1 vol.) ; " Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth " (1841); and " Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay" (1846); and edited the " Library of Old English Prose Writers " (9 vols., 1831-'4). YOUNG, Arthur, an English writer on agricul- ture, born at Bradfield, Suffolk, Sept. 7, 1741, died there, April 12, 1820. He abandoned mercantile business for literature, and began to write on agriculture as early as 1760. In 1768 he published "A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties," which at once became popular, on account of its shrewd observations and lively imaginative style. His " Course of Experimental Agriculture" (2 vols. 4to, Lon- don, 1770) contains " an exact register of the course of business transacted during five years on over 300 acres of various soils," which he had managed at Sam ford Hall, Essex. While thus engaged in farming, he was also a parlia-
