YOUNG 795 mentary reporter to the " Morning Post " of London, and spent only Saturdays and Sun- days on his farm ; and accordingly at the end of his five years he paid 100 to another to take his lease off his hands. His other works are : " Six Months' Tour through the North of England " (4 vols. 8vo, 1770) ; " The Farmer's Guide" (2 vols., 1770); "The Farmer's Tour through the East of England " (4 vols., 1771) ; "The Farmer's Calendar" (1771; 215th ed., rewritten by J. 0. Merton, 1362) ; " Political Essays on the Present State of the British Empire" (1771); "Observations on the Pres- ent State of Waste Lands" (1771); "Rural Economy " (1772) ; " Political Arithmetic " (1774 ; translated into several languages) ; " Tour in Ireland " (2 vols., 1780) ; and " Trav- els in France, Spain, and Italy" (2 vols. 4to, 1791). He established the periodical " Annals of Agriculture" in 1784, and edited 45 vol- umes of it. George III. contributed to it un- der the name of Ealph Robinson. From 1779 Young was engaged in practical husbandry and its improvement, and from 1789 till his death he was secretary to the board of agri- culture. His agricultural works were trans- lated into French by order of the directory, under the title of Le cultivateur anglais (18 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1801-'2). YOUNG, Brigham, ruler of the Mormons in Utah, born in Whitingharn, Vt., June 1, 1801. He was the son of a farmer, received but little education, and learned the trade of painter and glazier. He was a member of the Baptist church, and is said to have preached occasion- ally. In 1832 he joined the Mormons at Kirt- land, O., was ordained elder, became one of the twelve apostles, and was sent to the eastern states in 1835 to make proselytes, in which he was very successful. After the death of Joseph Smith, in June, 1844, Young was one of four aspirants to the presidency, and was unani- mously chosen to that office by the apostles. The choice met the general approval of the sect, and soon afterward his principal rival, Sidney Rigdon, was excommunicated. After the charter of Nauvoo had been revoked and the city bombarded, Young set out with his followers in 1846, and after a weary march across the plains reached Great Salt Lake val- ley, which he persuaded them was the prom- ised land. Here he founded Salt Lake City in July, 1847, became the absolute ruler of the colony, and in 1849 organized the state of De- seret, which applied for admission into the Union. This was denied by congress; but the territory of Utah was organized in 1850, of which Young was appointed governor for four years. In 1854, on the appointment of a gov- ernor who was not a Mormon, he began to dis- regard the laws and defy the authority of the federal government. In 1857 President Bu- chanan appointed Alfred Gumming governor of the territory, and sent him out with a military force of 2,500 men. This brought matters to a crisis, and the Mormons submitted and became peaceable. On Aug. 29, 1852, Young proclaimed the "celestial law of marriage," sanctioning polygamy, which he declared had been revealed to Joseph Smith in July, 1843. Smith's widow and her four sons at once de- nounced this as a forgery, and headed a schism. Though the Mormon apostles had repeatedly replied to the imputation of such doctrine or practice with the most emphatic and ex- plicit denials, the personal power of Brigham Young was such that he had little difficulty in establishing polygamy as an institution of the church. He has taken to himself a large number of wives, most of whom reside in a building known as the " lion house," so called from a huge lion, carved in stone, which stands upon the portico. In 1874 his fifteenth wife left him, and petitioned the United States court for a divorce. In addition to his office of president of the church, Young is grand archee of the order of Danites, a secret or- ganization within the church, which is one of the chief sources of his absolute power; and by organizing and directing the trade and industry of the community for his own ad- vantage, he has accumulated immense wealth. IOIING, Charles Augustus, an American astron- omer, born in Hanover, N. H., Dec. 15, 1834. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1853, from 1854 to 1856 taught the classics in Phil- lips Andover academy, and was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in West- ern Reserve college, Hudson, Ohio, from 1856 to 1866. During these years his vacations were chiefly spent in astronomical work, de- termining latitudes and longitudes in the gov- ernment surveys of the northern and north- western lakes. In 1862 he was for a time a captain of Ohio volunteers. In 1865 he was appointed to the professorship of natural phi- losophy and astronomy in Dartmouth college, which had been held by his father, Ira Young, and by his grandfather, Ebenezer Adams. As a member of Prof. J. H. Coffin's party, he observed the total eclipse of the sun at Bur- lington, Iowa, in August, 1869, and discov- ered the bright line in the spectrum of the corona, thus demonstrating it to be a solar and not a lunar or terrestrial phenomenon. In De- cember, 1870, as a member of Prof. Winlock's party, sent out by the United States coast sur- vey, he observed the total solar eclipse at Jerez, Spain, confirmed the results of his observations of 1869, and discovered the reversal of the dark lines of the solar spectrum, by a gaseous layer close to the sun's photosphere. In July, 1872, he was sent by the government with a party of the coast survey, to determine the advan- tage of high altitudes for astronomical observa- tions; in this expedition valuable results were obtained, especially in spectroscopy. From an elevation of nearly 8,300 ft. on the Rocky moun- tains he observed not fewer than 273 bright lines in the spectrum of the photosphere. In 1874 he accompanied Prof. J. C. Watson to Peking, China, as assistant astronomer to ob-
