DEPOSITION. 141 DEPRESSION. riglits. Owing to the belief among Roman Catholics that holy orders are indelible, the spiritual powers of a dei)osed priest are held to remain, but he has no right to exereise them, and if he attempts to do so eommits an additional grave sin. in case the penalty is remitted ui>on his proved repentance, he needs, of course, no rcordination. iiisliops could formerly be deposed by their metro|)olitan with twelve other bisliops as assessors; the right was later reserved to the Pope. The solemn degradation of a priest in- cluded many awe-inspiring ceremonies, such as the removal, piece by piece, of all the sacred vest- ments designating the successive orders to which he had attained, the scraping of the thumb and finger which had been anointed at ordination, and the shaving of the head to obliterate the ton- sure; but it is jiractically obsolete. Only the bishop can de])()sc a priest, and lie requires for solemn degradation the assistance of at least six dignified clerics learned in the law. In England a minister may be deposed by a bishop with the assistance of such of his ad- visers as may conveniently be had. In Scotland the power belongs to the Church courts. A minis- ter there deposed necessarily loses not only his ecclesiastical dignity, but the temporalities of his benefice as well, which becomes vacant the same as if he were dead. In the United States the power to depose is exercised by the various religious bodies, but the practical result is nothing more than exclusion from the pulpit of the particular denomination. The reasons which may justify such action are scandalous or im- moral conduct, preaching or publishing doctrines contrary to the Church standards, or contuma- cious disrespect for Cliurch authority. See Ordebs, Hoi.y; Discipline, Ecclesia.stical. Consult Kober. Die Deposition nnd Degradation nnrh ijen frrundsStzen des Ktrchenrechts (Tubin- gen. ISfiT). DE'POT, French pron. dfi'po' (Fr. depot. OF. depost, from Lat. depositum, deposit, from depo- nere, to deposit, from de, down -|- ponere, to put ) , A place set apart for the storage of muni- tions of war, or other army stores, as the United States powder-depots at Dover, Del., and Saint Louis, Mo. In Engl.and and Continental Europe generally the name refers specifically to the head- quarters of regiments or divisions, or district headquarters of the territorial recruiting system, according to the country and its army organiza- tion. In England, in some instances, it has the same application as in the United States. DEP'PING, Georo BERX.Rn (1784-18.5,3). A German- French historian. He was born at -Miinster, Westphalia, settled in Paris in 1803, was employed for a time as a teacher in several institutions, and subsequently contributed to French and German periodicals. He wrote on a wide range of subjects. Two of his juvenile works attained wonderful popularity: Merveilles €t heaul^s de la nature en France (1811) ; and Lei soireen d'liiver. including the instructions of a father to his children on moral and scientific subjects. He assisted Malte-Brun in his geo- graphical works, and published a number of histories, books of travel, and biographies, in- eluding: Ilintoire den expfditionn mariiimcH den "Snrmandn (182G) ; Hi-itoire du cnmmercc cntre VEuropc et le Levant depuis les croisades ( 18.32) ; and Les Juifs au moyen age (18.34). DEPRES, dr-pra', Jo.squin (c,14o0-1521 ) . A Flemish composer, and one of the world's greatest masters, born at CondO, Hainaut. He was the successor of Okeghem, and the immediate predecessor of Lassus and Pales- trina in the evolution of music. Little is known of the details of his life, but there is record of Ids appointment as chapel-nuister of Saint t^uentin. and that he studied under Okeghem. From 1471 to 1484 be was at the Court of Pope Sixtus IV., and was regarded as the future great musician of tlie world. The lil)rary of the Sis- tine Chapel to this day treasures much of the fruits of his stay in Konie. During his life- time he visited or held appointments from the greatest princes and courts of the world. His high place in musical history is due to the fact that, besides being an expert contrapuntalist, his artistic sense of balance, and of the religious pro- prieties, enabled him to utilize the technical intricacies of Flemish counterpoint, and yet make them subsidiary to his beautiful and expressive melodies. Other composers of Jos- quin's school had developed the custom of taking a secular eantus firmus, the voice to which it was assigned singing the secular words, the re- maining voices singing those of the mass proper. So grave an abuse did this custom become, that a reform was brought about in church music, and all such compositions were eondenmed. Josquin, however, had consistently striven to realize the emotional content of the words of the mass in his compositions, so far as he was able, although many instances are found in his works where a few syllables are scattered through several pages, indicating that the music was of far greater importance than the text. The invention of music-printing by movable types at a time (1498) when Josquin was at the height of his fame as a composer did much to make llis music universally popular. Consult: Jlenil, "Josquin de Pr&s." in Rerue Interna- tionale de Musiqite, No. 21 (Paris, 1899). DEPRESSION (Fr. depression, from Lat. depriiiterr, from de, down + prcmcre, to press ) . or Dip of the Horizon. The angle through which the sea-horizon appears depressed in consequence of the elevation of the spectator above the surface of the water. Let A be a point on the surface of the earth, B a point situated in a vertical line from A. Let BH be a tangent to the earth's surface drawn from B. B/i a line in the same vertical plane perpendicular to AB. The angle 7iBH is the true dip of the horizon to n. spectator at B. The true dip measured in minutes is equal to the distance in nautical miles of the visible horizon. Let C be the centre of curvature of the surface: then, since CHB is a right angle, the angle /iBH = HCA : and the minutes in this angle are the n.-iutical miles in the arc AH. The true dip of the horizon, however, is not exactly the same as its apparent depression. The apparent sea-horizon is raised above its true ])Iace by atmospheric refraction through an angle which varies according to the state of the atmosphere and the relative tcmiieratures of the air and water, the variation ranging from one- third to one-twenty-tliird of the amoimt of the true dip. The rule commonly employed is to diminish the true dip by about one-fourteenth of its amoiint, to find the apparent dip.
