DOUBLEDAY. 407 DOtTCET. General Patterson in the Shenandoah Valley, and on Fehruaiy 3, 1S0:J, he was made a briga- dit-rgeneral of volunteers and placed in com- mand of the defens«>s of Washington. He com- manded a division at the second battle of Bull Run and at Antictani. He became a major- general in November, ISli'i; fought at Fredericks- burg, t'hancellorsville. and at Gettysburg, where on the first day of the battle, on the fall of General Reynolds, he commanded the troops in the field for several hours. He continued to serve (as colonel in the Thirty-fifth Infantry) in the regular army after the war, but retired in 1873. He published Jtcminisccnces of Forts Sum- ter and iloiillrit' in 1S()0-61 (1876) ; and Chan- cellorsville and Gettysburg (1882), in the '"Cam- paigns of the Civil War Series." BOUBLE DRAGON, Order of the. A Chi- nese military order with five grades. It was established in 186.5 for the purpose of rewarding European orticers who had been of ser-ice to China, but was extended to other classes in 1882. DOUBLE ETE, or Foub-Eyes. See Ana- BIXPS. DOUBLE FLAT. See Flat. DOUBLE FLOWER. See Flower. DOUBLE FUGUE, fug. See Frcn:. DOUBLE MARRIAGE, The. A tragedy by Fletcher and Massinger ( 1019), printed in 1647. It deals with the enforced marriage to Martia of Virolet, already Juliana's husband, in order that he may escape from prison and further the cause of Xea])olitan freedom. He is finally killed by his first wife, who mistakes him for the villainous Ronvere, whose dress he has as- sumeil. DOUBLE NATURAL. See Natcbai,. DOUBLE REFRACTION. See Light. DOUBLE SHARP. See Sharp. DOUBLE STARS. As seen by the naked eye all ~tar^ appear tn 1h> single, but the telescope shows us that many are double, while it resolves others into several distinct bodies. In some in- stances telescopes of low power suflice to reveal the separation; others require instruments of the largest kind. It is not possible to decide by a single obser%ation whether these stars are 'optical' doubles, of which the two components are merely projected upon contiguous points of the sky, or true "binary' systems, whose com- ponents are really near each other in space. But if the lapse of time reveals to obser'ers an orbital motion of the components, it is safe to assume that we have to deal with a pair of stars physically connected — a double star, as it were. About 10.000 double stars are known, and of these some 2.50 are almost certainly binary. Their periods of revolution range from five and a half years up to perhaps ten centuries. In addition to these optical doubles and binary systems obser'ed visually with the tele- scope, astronomers have discovered a number of so-called 'spectroscopic' binaries. These have an orbital revolution which is often extremely short, and the components are so near together that they cannot be separated in the ordinary way by the most powerful telescopes. But a study of their spectra reveals a duplication of the spectral lines, explicable only on the theory that we have to do with -a double source of light. Periodicity in this duplication then allows the observational determination of the time of orbi- tal revcdiilion in the double system. See Star.s. DOUBLET (from double; ef. OF. doublia; douhlour, lining of a garment; so called from be- ing originally lined or wadded for defense). A close, tight-lilting garment, the skirts reaching a little below the girdle. It was almost identical with what was afterwards called the jerkin, which, as a matter of strict chronology, belongs rather to the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies. The sleeves were sometimes separate, and tied on the arm. See CoSTUitE, DOUBLET. An imitation gem, usually made by ceiuenting a thin laii-er of a genuine gem by means of a colorless giun, such as mastic, on the line of the girdle, to a piece of glass that has been colored to imitate the real gem. See Gems, liiiTATiox axd Artificlu:,. DOUBS, dijo (ancient, Dubis). An eastern department of France, separated from Switzer- land by the Jura Mountains (Map: France. X 4). Area, 2018 square miles. Population, in 1896, 300,698; in 1891, 296,957, Doubs is trav- ersed by the river Doubs, a tributary of the Saone. The surface is hilly, being crossed by four parallel ranges of the Jura Mountains. The climate is more rigorous than in most similar latitudes. Pine, walnut, and common orchard trees thrive well; mines of iron and coal are worked : and gypsum and marble are abundant. The trade is principally in iron, cattle, horses, and dairy products. Capital, Besancon. The department was formed out of part of the old Franche-Comtt'. DOUBTING CASTLE. In Bunyan's Pil- grim's Progress, the dwelling of Giant Despair, in which Christian and Hopeful are temporarily im- prisoned. They escape by using the key 'Pi-omise.' DOUBTING INSANITY. A form of melan- cholia (q.v. ). DOUC, doiik (Fr. douc, of uncertain etymol- ogy). A small monkey {fiemnopithecus n€m(FUs) of Cochin-China, curiously variegated with black, white, and red. It is nearly related to the hanunian (q.v.). DOUCET, dl3o'.?a', Chables Camille (1812- 05). A French dramatist, born in Paris. He wrote Lconce (1838) in collaboration with Bay- ard, and the play was followed by several come- dies in verse. These have been collected and published under the title Comedies en I'ers (1858). The most successful of his plays was La consideration (1860). He was elected a mem- ber of the Academy in 1865, and in 1871 was made its perpetual secretary. DOUCET, Hexri LuciEX (1850—). A French figure and portrait painter. He was bom in Paris, and studied there under Lefebvre and Boulanger. In 1878 lie exhibited his portrait of Monsieur R. Julian, which was highly praised, and in 1880 he won the Prix de Rome. The portrait of !Mme. Galli Marie as Carmen (1884), in the Marseilles Museum, is teehnicnlly a bril- liant work. His pictures are usually piquant, sparklins representations of modern life, emi- nently Parisian in style: and his portraits in pastel al-io are notable. His most widelv known work is '•Apr^s le bal" ("After the Ball." ISSO). He was awarded a first class medal for pastel in
