DROUET. 473 DROWNING. arrostcu on the duirfje of conspiring against Louis X'lll. lie managed to escape upon tlie approach of Napoleon, anil jiutting liiniself at the licad of the troojis. lie seized the citadel and held it for the Enii)cror, who made liini a i>eer of l'"rance. In the Waterloo eamjiaign Drouet conmiamied the First Army Corps; Imt. misunderstanding the Emperor's orders, wasted valuable time in a fruitless march between l.igny and Quatre-Bras. After the capitulation of Paris he fled to Ba- varia, where lie resided until 1S2,), when he re- turned to France. He received, in 1830, the c.mimand of the Twelfth Military District, with headquarters at Nantes, where he put down the Lesitimist rising in La Vendee and arrested the Diuh.-^se de Berry. During lS34-.'i.> he held the important otRce of Governor-rieneval of Algeria, and in 1S43 was elevated to the rank of marshal. He died January 2.5, 1S44, Consult: Notice sur la lie militaire du marfy'hal Drouet, ^cHte par hii-nicnic (Paris, 1844) ; Sloane, Life of Napoleon (New York, 1896). DROUET, Lons Francois Puilippe (1792- 18731. A celebrated French tlute-jilayer. He was born in Amsterdam, studied at the Paris Conservatory, in 1807-10 was teacher to King Louis of Holland, and in 1811 was appointed solo flutist to Xapoleon I. In 181G he appeared in London, and subsequently made extended profes- sional tours throughout Europe. From 1836 to 1854 he was kapellmeister at the Court of Saxe- Coburg. later visited America, and latterly re- sided at Frankfort, Gotha, and Bern. As a per- former he was remarkable for his skillful tech- nique, particularly in double - tonguing. He wrote about one hundred and fifty works for the flute, highly valued by flute-players, but with slight content as music. It is thought, also, that he aided Queen Hortense in the arrangement of the national air. '"Partant pour la 8yrie" ("De- parting for Syria"). DROTJOT, drnr;',','. Axtoixe, Count (1774- 1847). A French general, born at Xancy. He fought at Fleunis (1704) and Hohenlinden (1800). and greatly distinguished himself by his skill and valor at Wagrani. On the retreat from Moscow he displayed extraordinary energy and fertility of resource. One of his most bril- liant exploits was performed at Hanau, where his desperate assault on the Bavarian army en- abled the French to make good their retreat to the Rhine. He accompanied Xapoleon to Elba as Governor of the island, and subsequently fought at Waterloo. He enjoyed wide renown as an artillerist, and his sound judgnient secured for him the title of 'Sage of the Grand Anny.' DROTJYN DE LHUYS. drnoTiN' df Iwes', Edoiard (180.5-81), A French diplomatist and politician. He was born in Paris, X'oveniber 19, 180.5, and received a thorough classical and legal education at the College Louis-le-firand and the Ecole de Droit. In 1831 he was attached to the embassy at JIadrid. In 1840 he was placed at the head of the Bureau de Commerce, under the Minister of Foreign .AfTairs, and in 1842 was elected Deputy from Melun: but having voted against the Government, he was deprived of his ofliee by M. Guizot in 184.5, He thereupon be- came a bitter opponent of the statesman and signed the act of accusation of the Guizot Minis- try- drawn up by Odilon Barrot, Februarv' 22, 1848, After the overthrow of Louis Philippe ho was elected reiiresentativc to the Constituent Assembly from the Department of Seine-et- Marne, and became president of the Com- mittee on Foreign Afl'airs. in the lirst Cabinet formed by Louis Napoleon, after his election to the Presidency, in December, 1848, Drouyn de Lliuys became ^Minister of Foreign Allairs. lu 1849 he went to London for a sliiut time as am- bassador, and early in 1851 again became Minis- ter of Foreign Allairs. After the coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, he became one of the vice- presidents of the Senate, and in .Tuly, 1852, ho was for the third time made Jlinister of F(Uciga Allairs. Disappointed at the issue of the ienna conferences in 1855, he resigned his ollice. In 1862 he was recalled, but resigned in 1866. On the fall of the Empire he fled to .Jerse}', but after a vear returned to France and lived in retire- ment until his death, March 1, 1881. He was the author of a work entitled Les nctitres pendant la guerre d'Orient (Paris, 1868), Con- sult: Cointe d'Harcourt, Diploinatie et diplo- mates: les quatre tiiinistires de M. Drouyn de Lhuys (Paris, 1882) ; also his Memoires, inserted in the collections of the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. DROWN, Thomas Messixgeb (1842-1004). An American chemist and educator. After a pro- longed course of stud.v at the best scientific schools in the United States and at two European, universities, he was appointed instructor in metallui-gy at Harvard, and later professor of analytical chemistrv at Lafayette College, From 1885 to 1895 he held the same chair at tlie Massa- chusetts Institute of Technolog In 1895 he was called to the presidency of Lehigh University. DROWNING. See Asphyxia ; Resu.scita- TION. DROWNING (from drourn, from AS, drunc- nian, Icel. drulcna, OHG. tru)ikanrn, drunl-anen, to drown, from AS. druncen. p.p . of drincan, Icel. drcklca. OHG. irinrhan, Ger. trinkcn, to drink). A form of capital punislinient once com- mon throughout Europe, but now obsolete among the nations of Christendom, though it is still practiced in Mohammedan countries and in the far East. Tacitus, writing about the end of the first centur.y, tells us that the Germans hanged their greater criminals, but that meaner offenders were plunged under the hurdles 'into bogs and fens. By the law of the ancient Burgundians, a faithless wife was to be smothered in mud. The Anglo-Saxon codes ordered women convicted of theft to be drowned. The punishment was in such common use throughout the Middle Ages that grants of capital jurisdiction ran "cum fnsxa et furea," i.e. "with' pit and gallows." The pit, ditch, or well was for drowning women: but the punishment was oedasionally inflicted on men, perhaps because less cruel and revolting than other forms of capital punishment, as a matter of favor. Thus, in Scotland, in 1556, a man convicted of theft and sacrilege was sentenced to be drowned "by the Queen's special grace." So late as 1611 a man was drowned at Edinburgh for stealing a lamb. By that time the punish- ment of drowning had become obsolete in Eng- land. It survived in Scotland until 1685. The last execution by drowning in Switzerland took lilaee in 16.52, in Austria in 1776, in Iceland in 1777. It was abolished in Russia early in the- eighteenth century. See Capital Piinisilment;
