DROWNING. 474 DRUID. Prxi.siiMENT, and tlio autlioritiea there re- ferred to. DROYLS'DEN. A town of Lancashire, Eng- land, lour iiiiUv- last of Manchester (Map: En-,'- land, U 3). ll has important manufactures of cottons, chemicals, and extensive dye-wurks and print-fields. Population, in 1891, 'jhoO; in 1901, 11,100. DROYSEN, droi'zcn, Joii.vxN GisT.vv (1808- 84). A (k-niian historian, horn at Treptow. lie studii-rl ill Iterlin and bivame privatdm-ent there in 1S:{:J. and professor extraordinary in 1835. In 1840 he accepted a call to the University of Kiel, and thenceforth took a iironiineiit part in the .Schleswig-Holstein dispute with Denmark as an upholder of the German claims. Sent as a representative from Kiel to the Diet of Frank- fort, he was subsequently a member of the Frank- fort Parliament. In 1851 he was appointed pro- fessor of history at ,Tena. where he founded the historical seminar, and in 1859 was called aj;ain to Rerlin. where he achieved a reputation as one of the greatest (lerman liistorians of the century. He died in lierlin. t)f his luiiiierous works, the following are the most important: Gcschichte Alexanders drs (Irossen (I?erlin, 1833); Gc- schichte des HcHenismtts (Hamburg, 1836-42) ; Gcschichte der preussischcn Politik (14 vols., Leipzig, 1855-85) ; driindziige der Hifitorik (I^ip- zig, 1876). For his life, consult: Duncker, ./o/i«mi Guslar Droi/scn (Rerlin. 1SS5), and a biograph- ical sketch lay Kruger in his Outlines of the Prin- ciples of History, trans, bv E. B. Andrews (Bos- ton. 1.S93). DROZ, drd, Fr.vn'^oi.s Xavier Joseph (1773- 18.50). A I'rencli moralist and historian. He served for some years in the anny. but after- •vards was appointed to the diair of oratory at the Ecole C'entrale de Besancon. He soon at- tracted attention as a writer on philosophical subjects, and especially as the author of an Essai sur I'art d'etre h'cureux (1801). His Phi- losophic morale (1823) gave him a place in the Academy. His greatest work is l.'hisloirc du r^gne de Louis XVl. pendant les annrcs oil I'on pourait priioir et diriger la ricolution francaise (1839-42). DROZ, GrsT.WE (1832-95). A minor French novelist and humorist, who catches the tone of the society' of the Second Empire, toying with amiable vices, as the eighteenth century did with the pastoral virtues. His best novel is .•li((o»r d'unc source (1809). His most success- ful and characteristic book. Monsieur. Madame et liehe (1866), was the first to attract notice. DROZ, XiMA (1844-99). A Swiss statesman, born at La Chaux-de-Fonds. In 1864 he l)eeame editor of the radical journal yational Suisse, and in 1871 he conducted the religious and e<lu- cational interests of the Canton of Xeuchiltel. After becoming a member of the Federal Council he was made Minister of the Departmeiil of the Interior in 1875. and of Commerce and .gri- cultiire in 1879. He was elected President of the Swiss Confederation in 1881, and again in 1887. I'pon the establishment of the Bureau of International Railroad Transportation, he was appointed its director (1893). His publications include: h'instruilion ririr/ue (2d ed. 1SS6) ; Essais trononiiqurs (1895) ; and Eludes el por- traits poliliques (1895). DROZ, PiEBBE Jacqiet (1721-90). A Swiss mechanic. He was born at La Cbaux-dc-Fonds, and became famous as the improver of the mechanism of the watch and the inventor of a music-box which reproduced the tones of various instruments; of an 'automatic writer,' ojieraled by an internal mechanism, and of various other unique devices. One of his most important in- ventions was a self-adjusting pendulum. DRUDE, droC'df. Karl Geoho Oskar (1852 — ). A (ieriiian botanist, born in Brunswick. In 1879 he became professor of botany at the Poly- technical School, Dresden, and director of the botiinical garden. In aildition to the mono, graphs published in collaboration with A. Engler under the title Die 'cgctalion der Erdc (Leipzig, 1896 el seq. ). his publications include: Die h'lorenrciche der Erdc (1884); [landbueh der Pflanzengeographic (1890); Dculschlunds Pjhtn- •en geographic, vol. i. (1895) ; and valuable eon- tril)utions to the publications of Martius and Berghaus. DRUG ( Fr. drogue, from Dutch droog, dry ; being formerly supposed to dry and cleanse the body). Any substance, whether of animal, min- eral, or vegetable origin, especially in its crude or commercial form, that is used as a medicine or in the preparation and composition of medi- cines. DRUG'GER, Abel. A gullible tobacconist in .Jonson's Alchemist, who consults Subtle, the alchemist, in the building and arrangement of his shop in order to insure good luck. The part was a favorite role of Garrick. DRUGGET ( Fr. drouget, of unknown elymol- og^■ ) . A Odiiimon felt or other coarse woolen fab- ric, often printed on one side, and cliielly used for covering carpets, or as a substitute for a carpet. DRUID (Lat. druida, Gk. iSpviS'/c, dryides, from Olr. drui, nom. pi. druad, (Jael. draoi, con- necte<l with Olr. dair, dnur, oak, Gk. 8pvs, drys, tree, (X'hurch Slav, druva, Skt. dt'nu, wood). Due of the fraternity of priests, religious teachers, and judges who ruled over the Celtic inhabitants of ancient Gaul and pcrbajis of Britain. The insti- tution of Druidism was probably common to all Celtic nations; but we have detailed acvounts of the form only under which it existed in (i.aul, Civsar gives the following description of the char- actor and functions of the Druids : "They attend to divine worship, perform public and private sacri- fices, and expound matters of religion. A great number of youths are gathered round them for the sake of education, and they enjoy the highest honor in that nation. Nearly all pulilic and private quarrels come under their jurisdiction; and when any crime has been committed, as when a murder has been perpetrated, or when a contro- versy arises about a legacy, or about lamlmarks, they are the judges too. They fix rewards and punishments; and should any one. whelher a private individual or a public o(Tieer. di'^obey their decrees, then they exclude him from the sacrifices. This is with them the sev<'re-<t pun- ishment. The ])ersons who are thus laid under interdict are regarded as imj>ious and wiek^d peoide : everybody recoils from them and shuns their society and conversation, lest he should be injured by associating with them. They cannot obtain le-jal redress when they nsk for it, nor are they admitted to any honorable odice. . , .
