DU BOIS. •188 DUBOIS. at Xcwton FalU, Uhio. llo graduati'il in 18t>'.l al llic Slii'llielU SfU'iitilio Si'hool of Vale, sludiinl lor iwo viars (1872-74) at the Mining 8(.-li<x)l of I'roiburj; (!>a.ony), anj from 1874 to 1870 was professor of civil ami mechanical cngineer- ing in Lehigh University. In 1870-84 he was jirofessor of mechanical engineering at the bhcf- tiehl Scientific School, and in 1S84 was appointed to the chair of civil engineering in the same in- stitution. His publications include a transla- tion and edition of two volumes of Weis- liach's Ingcnieur uiul Maschiiicii-Mcclianik {The 'fhiury of the .S'from Eniiiiic, 1878), a transla- tion of Professor lUintgen's iror»ie//i(0(if {The I'l-iiicipUs of Thcrmodyiiamks, 1880) : The .Sd-aiiis ill Framed Structures (1883; 11th ed. l;i(i(i| : and 77ie i'/cnieiiJs of Mechanics (3 vols., 18!l3-95). DUBOIS, di.in>wa' (Cl£ment-Fraxcois) Th6o- DORK (1>*>37 — ). A French organist and composer. He was horn at Rosnay. Marne, and. after in- struction under local teachers, entered the Paris Conservatory in 1853. His teachers were Mar- niontel ( pianoforte K Benoist (organ), Bazin ( harmony I , and Amliroise Thomas ( fugue and composition). He graduated in 1801, winning the Grand Prix de Home with his popular can- tata Atiila. His most important appointments have been choirmaster of Sainte Clotilde; organ- ist at the Chirch of the Madeleine: professor of harmony at the Conservatory (1871): professor of composition at the same institution (1891) ; and successor of Gounod as chairman of the Academy (1894), and of Ambroise Thomas as director of the (i'onservatory (1890). He was also elected an ollicer of the Legion of Honor, and made a member of many important foreign orders. He has been especially successful in organ composition, possibly because of his own brilliancy as an organist, although he has also won wide recognition for operatic and crchestral compositions. His more .important works are Ahtn llamet. a grand opera, produced in 1884: a three-act IdyUe dramalique (189,5) : three oratorios: Les sept paroles du Christ (1807): Le paradis perdu (1878): and Xotre Itnme dr la lrr (1897). Among his many other ]iublislip(l works are cantatas; several masses; maiiv orciicstral works: arrangements for organ, harp, and other instruments: concertos for both organ and violin; and several impressive n ca- pclhi choruses. DUBOIS, KhMOxn P.wlin (1822-91). A French hydrographer and inventor of marine in- struments, ))om in Brest. In 18.t1 he was ap- pointed professor at the Ecole Navale in Brest. His most important inventions are a gyroscope and a compass equipped with a double needle to determine the dellectinn caused by the ironwork of a vessel. In addition to numerous contribu- tions on astrononiv and liydrography to scientific magazines, he published the following important works: fours d'a-itronomie (.3d ed. 1870) ; fours de nai-i<jation et d'hydrofiraphir (2d ed. 1809) : De la dfriation des compati a hard des naeircs (1807): fercle nautif/ue (1888). DUBOIS. Ortr.i.wME (10.10-1723). A car- dinal and prime minister of France. He was born at Brivcsla-OnillHrde. the son of a country dn<'tor. anil was educated at the Coll^ge Paint Michel in Paris. Appointed tutor to the voung Due de Charfres (the future Duke of Orleans), he gained great inllucncc over his pupil, whose ccnstant companion lie was in jH'iiw and in war, and « lio>c marriage to .Madcinoisclle dc Bloi?, a natural daughter of Louis XIV., Dubois brought about, llis political larccr began in 1701, when lie was made secretary to the French ciiibas.sy at London. In 17 lo he became private scK-retary to his pupil, now the Regent, and ipiickly made him- self the virtual ruler of France. The key of his foreigJi policy was the bridling of Philip of Spain's ambition and the overthrow of Philip's minister, Alberoni. llubois elTccted this by means of the famous union of Kngland. France, and Midland in the Triple Alliance (1717). later changed to a Quadruple Alliance by the accession of Austria. This coalition worked a revolution in French pol- icy, since by the new arrangement friendship was made with England, an ancient enemy, and enmity declared against an old ally, Spain. The last years of Dubois were tilled with great labois and high honors. In rapiil succession he lu'came Archbishop of Cambrai ( 1720 i , Cardinal ( 1721 ) , and Prime Minister (1722). He died .ugust 10, 1723. Dubois has be»'n portrayed by his enemy, Saint-Simon, as a defiuiiied and de- bauched pander to the Regent. It is known now that malice has darkened the picture, though Dubois was by no means an exemplary citizen or statesman. The political genius of the man, however, can hardly be denied. Consult: Seve- linges, MeiDoires srrrets et correspoudance infdite du cardinal Dubois (Paris, 1815) : Capefigue. Le cardinal Duhois (Paris, 1801) : and for a treat- ment of Dubois's foreign policy, Wiesmer, Le rcfient, rubbe Dubois et les Anglais (Paris, 1891). DUBOIS, .Te.vx Axtoixe ( 170.")- 1 848). A French missionary in the East Indies, born at Saint Rani?ze, Ard&<'lie. He wrote .several books concerning India, the best known of which is the Descriptions of the fharaclcr. Manners, and fuslonis of the People of India, and of their Institutions. Relininus and Ciril (1810). a standard work which was brought out in a new edition in London in 1900. DUBOIS, Louts (1830-80). A Belgian paint- 1 r. iMirii in Brussels. His paintings, which strongly suggest the influence of Courbet, are full of animation and a coloring which at times strikinglv reminds one of the brilliancv of .lor- daens. In the choice of subjects Dubois reveals versatilitv. while his treatment of them entitles him to be ranked among the most prominent representatives of the realistic school. His sub- jects include portraits, landscape, marines, genre pictures, and still life. His princi|)al works in- clude: "Priest Preparing for Mass" (1857): "Roulette" (1800) : "Landscape with Dead Roes" (1803) ; "Rice Eater" (1872) : '-Billiard Plaver" (1878) : "The Meuse Xear Dordrecht." DUBOIS. Prr. (1829—). A French .sculptor and paiiitir. liorn at XogentsurScine (Auhe). After studying law for several years he entered the -tudioof Toussaint (1850)." In 18ti3 he ex- hibited "X'arcissiis at the Bath" and a .vear later "Saint .lohn Baptist." The former is in the Luxembourg. The most popular of his works, "The Florentine Minstrel." won a medal of honor in 1805; it is also in the Luxembourg. This graceful, charmintr figure shows Dubois's study of Renaissance models. He was made conservator of the Luxembourg in 1873. and director of the Xational School of Fine Arts in 1878. His monu-
