DUBOIS. 489 DUBS. nient to General Laiiioricitre. in the cathedral at Nantes, received the medal of honor at the E.- posilion of IS7S. It is designed in Renaissance ^tyle, and decorated with statues and lias-reliefs. .inonj.' the former are the tiyurcs of Charity, I'aith, Military Courage, and -Meditation, all of the noblest character. His other works in sculp- ture include a "Virgin and Child"' (lsr.7) ; "Birth of Kvc" (1S73) ; "Saint John the IJaptist as a Child" (1860, in the Luxembourg) ; an equestrian statue of the Constable de ilontmorency (ISSti) ; a statue of Jeanne d'Arc (ISSS)) for the city of Rheims, which had the honor of a commemora- tive medal; and portrait busts of Pasteur, Bau- dry. Gounod, llenner, and others. His work as a painter is mostly in portraiture, and a notable example of it is "My Children'" (ISTti), both in color and drawing an admirable work. He was made a member of the Legion of Honor in 1867, commander in 188(>, and grand otiicer in 1SS9. Consult lirowiieU, French Art (Xew York, 1892). DU BOIS. du-bois'. William Ewi.ng (1810- 81). .A,n American numismatist, born at Doyles- town, Pa. He was assistant assayer in the United Slates Mint in Philadelphia. "Pa., from 1S36. and chief assayer from 1S72. In addition to accumulating the comprehensive and important coin-collection at the mint, he published a Man- ual of Gotd and Silver Coins of All Xations (1842-51). DTJ BOIS-RE"yMOND, du bwa'ra'mox'.Ejin. Heinrkii ilSlS-'JOi. A German physiologist, bom in Berlin. He was educated at the col- lege of Xeuchatel, and became a theological student at the University of Berlin: but imder the influence of Mitscherlich. soon abandoned theology to devote himself to chemistry, natural philosophy, mathematics, and geolbg-. Dr. Ed- ward Kallmann finally directed him toward medicine, and he became a pupil of Johannes Miiller, the famous anatomist and physiologist. In 18+1 young Du Bois-Reymimd undertook to solve the problems of animal electricity proposed by Matteucci and Xobili. and entered upon the cxjierimental work which he ]>rosecuted for forty years. An extensive account of his first researches, with a description of the immense number of experiments made, largely by new methods and with apparatus of his own inven- tion, appeared under the title Cntersuchungen liber tierische Eleklrizitiit (2 vols., 1848-49). Previous attempts to observe electrical phe- nomena during the contraction of muscle had failed, and Du Bois-Keymond was the first to sug- gest tetanizing muscles in order to obtain an in- creased duration of contraction for observation. He discovered how to cause deflection of the mag- netic needle by the voluntary contraction of living muscle: demonstrated electric phenomena in a tetanized nerve: caused a deflection of the needle of the galvanometer by molecular change, accompanying nene currents: and showed that 'negative variation' is transmitted in a motor nene from periphery to centre, and in a sensory nerve from centre to periphery. In 1848 Du Bois- Reymond was elected a member of the Royal .Academy of Sciences of Berlin. In 18.t8. upon the death of .Johannes Miiller, he succeeded to the chair of physiology in the University of Berlin, and became director of the laboratory. In lSfi7 he became permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences of Berlin, and later was made Im- perial Privy Councilor. Several of his experi- mental and practical researches were in the domain of electricity, without reference to physi- ologic-. These include his important investiga- tions of the ajx'riodic state of the nuignetic needle, induced by high dampening powers. He invented the method of reading messages over the Atlantic cable by watching the beam of light reflected from a mirror attached to the needle of a galvanometer. He demonstrated, contro- verting Berzelius and Liebig, that the reaction of muscle substance at rest is neutral or slightly alkaline, and acid after death, while in the act of contraction acid is evolved. Du Bois-Reymond was a very successful teacher, and a popilar lecturer in German, French, and English. He ranks, with Hclmludtz and Virchow, as one of the greatest scientists Germany ever produced, his researches having laid the foimdation of all our true knowledge in connection with animal elec- tricity, and his observations forming permanent scientific material. Professor Burdon Sanderson remarked of him, '"Du Bois-Re™iond probably never made an incorrect observation or jierformed a faulty experiment." Besides the works men- tioned he i)ul)lished Veber die Git/i^di dcs Xotiir- crkriinens (0th od. 1884); Gesammelte Abhand- lunf/en zur allgemeinen lluskel- und 'Serren- physik (2 vols., 1875-77): and Reden (2 vols., (1886-87). His Vorlesiingen iiber die I'In/sik dcs organischen Stoffiiechsels were published posthu- mously (1899). Consult Engelmann. Gediirht- nixrede auf Emil Du Bois-Keymond (Berlin, 1898). DU BOIS-REYMOND, P.i l (1831-89K A German mathematician, brother of Emil Du Bois- Reymond. He was born in Berlin, studied medi- cine in Zurich, and afterwards went to Kiinigs- berg, where he devoted himself to i)hysics and mathematics. In 1805 he became lecturer in mathematics at Heidelberg, and was appointed professor of mathematics at Freiburg (1870), Tiibingen (1874), and in the Berlin Technological Institute (1884). His mathematical work was chiefly on differential equations, series, and the theory of functions. DUBOSC, duhnsk'. The highwav^an for whose crime T>csurques is arrested, in The Li/ons Mail. Sir Henry Irving has assumed this double role with great success. DUBOSSARY, doo'bos-sii're. or XoviE DiBOS- SARY. A (own in the Russian Government of Kherson, situated on the Dniester. 85 miles north- west of Odessa (Map: Russia, D 5). It has some trade in tobacco, wine, grain, and other agri- cultural products of the surroimding district. The town was founded at the end of the eigh- teenth century. Pojiulation. in 1807. 1. "5.200. eon- sistinL' of Moldavians, Russians, and .lews. DUBO'VKA, dim-bovTcft. A river port in the Russian Government of Saratov, situated on the right bank of the Volga, about 30 miles above Tzaritzin (Map: Russia, F 5). Formerly a place of considerable trade in agricultural products, Dubovka has lost its commercial importance since the completion of the railway line con- necting Kalach on the Don and Tzaritzin on the Volga. Population, in 1897, 16.900. DUBS, doops, Jakob (1822-79). A Swiss statesman. He studied law at Heidelberg, Bern, and Zurich ; held several ollicial positions in
