In modern times its construction has resembled a flat box, with sounding-board and bridges, strung with thin wire, and played on by striking the wires with mallets which have one soft and one hard face. Its compass is from g to g³. In England its tuning has been always diatonic, but in Germany toward 1800 it became chromatic. The dulcimer was the prototype of the pianoforte just as the psaltery was of the harpsichord, the sole difference between them being that the dulcimer was played with hammers and the psaltery with a plectrum. It was formerly supposed that the dulcimer was of German origin, but it is more likely that it came from the East through the Crusades; for it was known in Persia and Arabia for centuries under the name of santir. By 1550 it was known in Europe under its present name, but little importance was attached to it. The pantaleon (q.v.) was an enlarged form of a dulcimer. See Pianoforte.
DULCIMER IN CASE.
DULCINE′A DEL TOBO′SO, Span. pron. do͞ol′thē̇-nā′ȧ dĕl tō̇-Bō′sō̇. The romantic title given by Don Quixote to the peasant's daughter Aldoriza Lorenzo, who was born at Toboso, and whom he selects as his lady, and whose champion he becomes. The name Dulcinea is a popular term for a lady love.
DUL′CINISTS. The followers of Dolcino. See Apostolic Brethren.
DULK, do͞olk, Albert Frederick Benno (1819-84). A German author. He was born in Königsberg and studied medicine and the natural sciences in that city and in Leipzig and Breslau. He took an active part in the popular uprising of 1848, at which time his revolutionary drama Lea appeared. After traveling in the Orient, he settled in Geneva in 1850, and subsequently in Stuttgart, where he wrote the dramas Jesus der Christ (1865) and Simson (1859), in which play the conflict between Judaism and paganism is depicted. One of his later dramas, König Enzio, was set to music by Abert. As an adherent of socialism he became conspicuous, in 1871, through his opposition to the war with France, and his publications Patriotismus and Frömmigkeit obtained a wide circulation. In 1882 he founded in Stuttgart the first society of freethinkers in Germany, and during the last years of his life devoted his pen principally to the discussion of the radical side of religio-philosophical subjects.
DÜLKEN, dụl′ken. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, Germany, 20 miles west of Dusseldorf. It is a thriving industrial town, with iron-foundries and manufactures of machinery, silk, velvet, cotton, and linen. Population, in 1900, 9517.
DULLER, do͞ollẽr, Eduard (1809-53). A German historian. He was born and educated in Vienna. Notwithstanding the success of his drama, Meister Pilgram, which was publicly performed before the author was nineteen, he left Austria and went to Germany in 1830, residing successively in Munich, Frankfort, Darmstadt, and Mainz, where he was appointed preacher in the German Catholic Church (1851). He took a prominent part in the German Catholic movement, and was a strenuous defender of religious liberty. Besides several meritorious lyrical and dramatic productions, he published the following standard historical works: Vaterländische Geschichte (1852-57; subsequently concluded by Hagen); Geschichte des deutschen Volks (7th ed. 1891); Geschichte der Jesuiten (1845; latest ed. 1893).
DULONG, dụ′lôN′, Pierre Louis (1785-1838). A French physicist and chemist, known chiefly for the law which he discovered, jointly with Petit, in 1819. According to the law of Dulong and Petit, the specific heat of an element, multiplied by its atomic weight, is the same for all solid elements. The law was established empirically, and no theoretical explanation of it has yet been found. Dulong received his education at the Ecole Polytechnique, where he became, in 1820, professor of physics. In 1823 he was admitted into the Academy of Sciences. While investigating the composition of the chloride of nitrogen, he lost an eye through the explosion of a quantity of this substance.
DULONG AND PETIT, pe-tē̇′, Law of. See Atomic Weights.
DULSE (Gael, duileasg, dulse, from duille, leaf + uisge, water), Rhodymenia palmata. An edible seaweed, one of the Ceramiaceæ, which grows on rocky marine coasts. It is used as an article of food by poor people on the coasts of the British Isles, and other northern countries, and occasionally also as a luxury by some of the wealthier classes who have acquired a taste for it. It has a purple, leathery or somewhat membranous, veinless, sessile leaf, irregularly cut, with repeatedly forked segments, which are either entire at the edges, or furnished with lateral leaflets. The spores are distributed in cloud-like spots over the whole leaf. The name dulse is also given in the southwest of England to another seaweed, Iridæa edulis, also one of the Ceramiaceæ, which has an undivided, obovate or wedge-shaped, expanded, very succulent leaf, of a dull purple color. It is occasionally employed as food both in the southwest of England and in Scotland. Laurentia pinnatifida, another of the Ceramiaceæ, has a compressed cartilaginous twice or thrice pinnatifid leaf. It has a pungent taste, and is used as a condiment when other seaweeds are eaten. In Alaska the name dulse is given to the seaweed Porphyra laciniata. It is gathered, pressed into cakes, and dried. When desired for use it is broken or shaved into hot water and cooked for half an hour, when a nourishing porridge is obtained. Similar uses of this and related plants are reported from Japan, China, and elsewhere along the Pacific coasts.
DULUTH, dū̇-lo͞oth′. A city and lake port, the county-seat of Saint Louis County, Minn., at the western end of Lake Superior, 158 miles northeast of Saint Paul and Minneapolis and adjacent to the city of Superior, Wis. (Map: Minnesota, F 4). The city is especially fa-
