vored with facilities for transportation by rail and water. It is the terminus of the Chicago and Northwestern, the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, and of six other railroads, and of thirteen steamship lines. Duluth has a natural harbor, nine miles long and two miles wide, entrance to which is made by two canals, the principal one being at Duluth, the other seven miles south, both piercing the narrow strip of land called Minnesota Point, which separates the lake from the harbor. The city's trade by water is greatly facilitated by the Sault Sainte Marie Canal (the traffic of which greatly exceeds that of the Suez Canal), and is considerably increased by the fact that this is the nearest shipping town on the lakes for the Northwest. Duluth now ranks among the leading shipping points in the United States. Of its exports, lumber, flour, iron ore, coal, and grain are the most important. It has a large blast-furnace, iron-works, machine-shops, match-factories, sawmills. flour-mills, and other industrial works. The Highland Canal and Power System under construction is designed to promote industrial and commercial interests by supplying cheap and abundant water-power. The water is to be conveyed through iron piping from reservoirs on the hill above the city to the level of the lake, a fall of about 760 feet, rendering available power estimated at 60,000 horse-power. Duluth is the seat of a Protestant Episcopal and a Roman Catholic bishop. It has a public library, a Carnegie library, State Normal School, United States Fisheries building, United States custom house, board of trade, and a hydrographic office. There are 400 acres of parks and 20 miles of boulevards. Lester, Lincoln, and Chester parks, and Lakeview Terrace, a drive 500 feet above the lake, command grand views. Fond Du Lac, a suburb, was the site of the Astor trading post in 1752.
The government is administered under the charter of 1900 by a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. The executive appoints the board of public works, water, light, and fire commissioners, civil service commission, city assessor, and the chief and all members of the police department, and (with the consent of the council) the attorney, health commissioner. and board of health, municipal labor bureau commissioners, city engineer, building inspector, and library and park boards. All other municipal officers, excepting the city clerk, who is chosen by the council, are elected by the people. The city owns and operates its waterworks and gas plant. The annual income is about $1,700,000; annual expenditure (including amounts for schools which are separately administered through a school district independent of the municipality), $1,650,000-$1,000,000 being spent for maintenance and operation. The principal items of expense are: schools, $357,000; fire department, $87,000; water-works, $65,000; police department, $41,000; and gas-works, $22,000. Duluth was first permanently settled in 1853, and takes its name from Daniel Gresolon, Sieur du Lhut, who, in 1679-80, visited this vicinity. In 1870, with a population of about 3000, it was incorporated as a city. Since then its growth has been very rapid, a population of 3483 in 1880 having increased to 33,115 in 1890, and in 1900 to 52,969, including 21,000 persons of foreign birth and 400 of negro descent.
DULWICH, dŭl′ĭch. A suburb of London, in Surrey, four miles south-southeast of Saint Paul's Cathedral, and near Sydenham (Map: London, F 7). It is beautifully situated and a favorite suburban residence, but is chiefly notable for its college and fine picture gallery. Dulwich College, or the College of God's Gift, was founded in 1619 by the actor Edward Alleyn, who is buried in the chapel. The picture gallery was bequeathed to the college by the painter Sir Peter F. Bourgeois, and is noteworthy for its works by Dutch masters. Population of Dulwich division of Camberwell, in 1901, 97,354.
DUMAGUETE, do͞o′mȧ-gā′tā̇. The capital of the Province of Eastern Negros, on the island of Negros, Philippines (Map: Philippine Islands, H 10). It is situated in a flat region on the southeastern coast of the island. The chief industry is the gathering of turtle-shells. Population, in 1898, 13,584.
DUMANGAS, do͞o-män′gȧs. A town of Panay, Philippines, in the Province of Iloilo, on the river of Jalour, or Dumangas, 24 miles northeast of Iloilo (Map: Philippine Islands, G 9). It is situated in a fertile and well-watered region. The town was founded in 1572. Population, in 1898, 14,114.
DUMANGATE, do͞o′mȧn-gä′tā̇. The Tagal name for a Negrito people of Alabat Island and northeastern Luzon. See Philippines.
DUMANJUG, do͞o′mȧn-Ho͞og′. A town of Cebú, Philippines, situated on the coast at the mouth of the river of the same name, 42 miles from Cebú. Population, in 1898, 13,171.
DUMAS, dụ′mȧ′, Adolphe (1806-61). A French author and poet, born at Chartreuse de Bon Pas, Vaucluse. He was one of the group of poets who made 1830 an epoch in French literature. Among his friends were Béranger, Alfred de Vigny, Victor Hugo, and Lamartine. He wrote Les Parisiennes (1830); La cité des hommes (1835); and Le camp des croisés (1838). Dumas became interested in the Provençal ‘renaissance,’ and his poems, Un liame de rasin (1858), were written in the ‘langue d'oc.’
DUMAS, Alexandre, called Dumas Père (1802-70). The greatest French romantic novelist and the most universally read story-teller of the world, born at Villers-Cotterets, July 24, 1802. As a writer he is remarkable for great creative rather than for artistic genius. Dumas's father was a gallant general. Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie Dumas, who served Napoleon with distinction, but died in neglect in 1806. This general's father was a rich colonist of Haiti, Marquis Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie; his mother was a negress of Haiti, from whom the general took the name Dumas. His legitimacy is not clear. The novelist, Alexandre, inherited much from his negress grandmother, in both appearance and nature; much, too, from his marquis grandfather. The contrast and combination can be constantly noted in his novels. His boyhood was passed in Villers-Cotterets. His awkward age and calf-love are painted ingenuously in his Mémoires and in Ange Pitou. It was intended to train him for the Church; but he inclined at first to law and was apprenticed to a notary of Soissons, where he saw, in 1819, a play of Ducis (q.v.) that determined him to seek his fortune on the stage. He reached Paris
