DUPUY DE LOME. 535 DURAN. modeled upon the principles laid down in his Me- moire sur Id < oust lurt ion rfc.s- bulimriilK en fer (1844). The lirsl Fivneh seiew steamships and the first arniorod vessels. Ln (lloire. J nii)irihU and ornttnidie (185!)), also were built in accord- ance with liis instructions. During the siejte of Paris he was a member of the Aerostatic Commission, and in this ea|)acity orj»anizeil the service which sent out more tlian fifty balloons from the city l)efore the capitulation. In 1872 he demonstrated the possibility of constructing diri^rible ballnnns. DUPTJYTREN, di.i'pwe'tra.N', Guillaume, Barmi ( 1"< 71S3.5) . An eminent French surgeon and anatomist. He was born at Pierre-Buf- fi&re, in Limousin, was educated at the Col- lege de la Marche in Paris: and on the forma- tion of a new school of medicine there in 1794, was appointed to the office of prosector. In 1812 he became professor of surgery, and in 1815 chief surgeon to the IIiitel-Dieu Hospital. Louis XVIII. conferred on him the title of baron, and appointed him royal surgeon. Dupurtren was a remarkable diagnostician, as well as a bold and skillful operator, possessed of immov- able firmness of nerve. He made several im- portant discoveries in pathological anatomy; and, although he wrote little, he formed a large school of enlightened surgeons in his native country. Among his works may be mentioned: Lemons orales de cliniqtie chirurgicale fnites a I'lJotel-Dieu (1830-34) : and Traits tlicorique et pratique des blessures par amies de guerre, (1834 1. DtJQTJESNE, dw-kan'. A borough in Alle- gheny County. Pa., one mile from JlcKeesport; on the Monongahela River, and on the Pennsyl- vania Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, B 3). It has a Carnegie Lil)rary and Institute. Its steel- works and blast-furnaces are extensive. Settled in 1885. Duquesne was incorporated in 1801. L'nder the charter of that date, the government is vested in a burgess, elected every three years, and a borough council. The water-works are owned and operated bv the municipalitv. Pop- ulation, in moo. 9036.' DUQUESNE, du'kan', Abraham, :Marquia (1610-88). One of the most eminent naval offi- cers of France. He was born at Dieppe, and was trained for the naval service. L'nder Louis XIII. he distinguished himself in the war against Spain. During the minority of Louis XIV., he entered the service of Sweden. Duquesne de- feated the Danish fleet near Gothenburg in 1643, was elevated to the rank of vice-admiral, and by a succession of victories over the united fleets of Denmark and Holland, forced Denmark to conclude peace. When the Spaniards prepared to support Bordeaux, which had declared itself for the party of the Fronde in 1650. he collected ;i squadron at his own expense, and ci)m]«lled Bor- deaux to submit. On the revolt of Messina against the Spanish Government. France .sent him to support the insurgents. With a small force. Duquesne gallantlv opposed the united fleets of Spain and Holland, commanded by De Ruyter, and in April, 1076, completely defeated his ene- mies ofT the coast of Sicily. In 1628 Duquesne cleared the Mediterranean of the Barbary pi rates, and in 1684 he bombarded Genoa. Louis XIV. rewarded Duquesne with the title of mar- quis and a considerable estate. On the revoca- tion of the Edict of Nantes, Duquesne was ex- cepted from the general de<:ree of banishment issued against all Protestants. Consult Plon, Duquesne et la marine de son temps (Paris, 1872). DUQUESNOY, di.i'kii'nwa', Fba.N(;ois (1594- 16411). A KIcmish sculptor, born in Brussels. He studied under his father, who was a sculp- tor, and llicn in ll;ily. where most of his work was done. He modeled the "(Jroups of Children" for the columns of the higli altar at Saint Peter's, Rome, and a statue of Saint -Andrew in the same church. His other works include a statue of Susanna for Santa Maria di Loreto. Rome ; sev- eral works for the churches of Naples (particu- larly a '"Concert of Cherubim." in the Church of the Holy Apostles), and statues in Vienna and Madrid. Cardinal Richelieu, who had heard of Duquesnoy through Ponssin, invited him to the Court of Louis XIII., but on his way to France the artist died at Livorno, poisoned, it is said, by his brother .Jerome. DUEA DEN, dHo'rii den. A small glen be- tween Cupar and Saint Andrews, in Fifeshire, Scotland, through which runs a tributary of the Eden, geologically famous on account of the numerous and beautifully preserved fossil fish entombed in its yellow sandstone. DU'KA MATER. See Nervou.s System. DURA'MEN (Lat.. hardness, from durus, hard ) . A term applied by botanists to the inner more solid and usually darker heart-wood of conifers and dicotyledons. The dark-colored duramen of some trees, of which a good examjde is the ebony, is of considerable importance in cabinet-making, while the light-colored sap-wood or 'alburnum' of these same trees is of little value. See Wood. DURAN, dTlTT-ran'. AcusTix ( 1789-186'2). A Spanish poet and critic, born in Madrid. He was educated for the law in the University of Seville, and admitted as an advocate. In 1834 he was secretary of the board for the censorship of the press, and soon afterwards had a place in the National Library, of which he became a director. He is best known by his poem Las tres toroujas del verjel de amor (1856). DURAN, dn'riix'. (^arolus (Charles .v- GUSTE EjriLE DiRAXn) (1837 — ). A French por- trait painter. He was liorn at Lille, July 4, 1837. He studied under Souchon at the Lille Academy of Art. and afterwards in Paris, where he devoted himself chielly to copying the old masters in the Louvre, especially Leonardo an< Velasquez, [n 1861 he obtained the Wicar prize for painting, and went to Italy and Spain, continuing his study of Velasquez, who remained his chief mixlel. While at the Monastery of Saint Francis near Subiaco, during his stay in Home, he painted his first im- portant work. "I'he Evening Prayer" (1863). This was followed by The .Assassination" (1866, in the Lille Aluseum). a picture which shows much dramatic power. After this he turned his attention to portraiture and exhibited "The Lady with the Glove" (1869), a full-length portrait of his wife in outdoor costume, one of liis best works, and now in the Luxembourg. This was followed by a series of brilliant portraits. In 1873 he opened an atelier, and many .merirans sought his instruction, .mong his pupils have been Low, Sargent, and Beckwith. His por-
