DURAN. 536 DUKANDUS. traits are usually of woinon and children. They are essentially luodern, lifelike, vivid, and boldly painteil. He loves rich fabrics, and the velvets, satiu, and laces of his subjects are finely ren- dered. In technique. Duran has rarely been s>ir- passed. but in interpretation of personality his great pupil, Sargent, goes beyond him. and Uuran never nearly equals his chosen master. Velasquez, in subtilty of expression. His other works include portraits of Mons. Edouard R. and JIadanie Feydeau: "Lady with a Dog"' (Lille Museum) ; "At the Seaside;" an equestrian portrait of the actress -Mademoiselle Croizette; "Hettina."' very much like elasqucz in treat- ment: the Countess of Vandal : Mme. de Pourtal&s, Eniile de Girardin, and Pasteur. He also painted a series of historical and genre subjects, in which the influence of Veronese and Kubens is ap- parent. Among these are the "Bathers," the "Ciloria Marioe Medici," a decorative composi- tion for a ceiling in the Louvre: the "Burial of Christ" (1882): "Dawn," and the "Vision." These works are fine examples of naturalism, but they lack religious depth and nobility of conception. He received the medal of honor in 1879, and was made commander of the Legion of Honor in 1889. His sculpture also shows some skill. Consult : Stranahan, History of French Painting (New York. 1896): and Muther. History of Modern Painting (New York, 1896).
DURANCE, di.i'nixs'. A river in the south- east of France, rising in the Department of Hautes-Alpes. near the base of Mont Oenfivre (.Map: France. X 7). It flows through the De- partment of Basses-Alpcs in a southerly direc- tion, then, curving westward, proceeds toward the Rhone, forming the bomidary between the departments of Vaucluse and Bouchesdu-Rhone, and joins the Rhone about tliree miles below Avignon. Its total course is about 22.5 miles — no part of which is navigable. It supplies Mar- seilles with water by an aqueduct .51 miles in lengtli. and irrigates an otherwise arid region. DURAND'. A city and the county-seat of Pepin County, Wis., 28 miles southwest of Eau Claire, on the Chippewa River, and on the Chi- cago. Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (ilap: Wisconsin, B 4). It is in an agricultural region, and has a considerable trade in hogs and pork, creamerv products, lumber, grain, etc. Popila- tion. in' 1800, 1154; in 1900, 14.58. DTJRAND, Alice Mabie Celeste. See Ge£- VILI-E, Hexri. DURAND, AsHER Brown (1796-188G). An American ]iainter and engraver, born at South Orange. X. J. In early life he studied engrav- ing, and produced some of tlu; best work ever done in this country. Two of his well-known plates are those after Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence," and "Ariadne," after Vandcr- lyn. From 1858 until his death he devoted him- self principally to landscape painting, and is one of the most noteworthy of the early .Ameri- can school. His "Mountain Forest" (18(19). in the Corcoran Gallery at Washington, is digni- fied in comi)osition. and shows considerable technical skill. Both these qualities are also characteristic of his portrait of Bryant. He .was the second president of the National Acad- emy of Design (1845-01). DURAND, Elt.s (1794-1873). A French- Ameri.an botanist, bom at Mainz. He pursued medical studies, and became a member of the medical corps of the Frcncii Army. Ujion the fall of the First Empire lie emigrated to the United States, and set up an apothecary shop in Philadelphia. He collected an herbarium which included no less than 10.000 5i)ecies of Nortli American llora, and which lie presented to the Museum of the .Jardin des I'lantes, Paris, where a special gallery was assigned to it. DURAND, WiLLi.M Frkderick (1859 — ). An American marine engineer. l)orn at Bethany, Conn. He graduated at the Inited States Xaval Academy in 1880, studied at Lafayette College (Eastoii. Pa.), was a member of the Inited States Xaval Engineer Corps in 1880-87, and professor of mechanical engineering in the Agri- cultural and ilechanical College of Michigan in 1887-91. In 1891 he was appointed profes.-,or of marine engineering in Cornell Cniversity. Be- sides contributions to engineering journals, he published The Resistance and Propulsion of Hhiiis (1898). DURANDANA, doo'nin-dii'na. also Duran- DAi . 1)1 lit.NUA. DiKiNDAXA. Roland's sword, which he broke in twain on the day of his death, lest it should fall into craven hands. DURANDARTE, dooran-diir'ta. A tradi- tional S|iani;h hero, killed in the battle of Roncesvalles. He is mentioned in the old bal- lads, and appears in Don (Juixutc. DURAND-CLAYE, durax'klii'. Alfreo Al- c.isTix (1841-88 1. A French engineer. He was born in Paris, where he was chief engineer of the Department of Public Sanitation and professor of hydraulic agriculture at the Ecole Xationale des "Ponts et Chaussces and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He subsequently l)ecame inspector- general of roads and bridges. The following are his more important works: "Stabilite des vofltes en ma<;onnerie." in the Annalcs des Ponts ct ('haussecs (1867), a work which has been ex- tensively introduced into engineering schools; tittihilitt des ares mctalliciues (ib.. 1868): As- sainissement de Brnxellcs (ib., 1870): Ponipes eentrifuf/es (ib.. 1873) ; Lae Fiieino (ib., 1878); ('ours d'hi/draulique agricole (1890). DURAN'DUS, Gri.lEL.Mis (1237-96). A Roman Catholic prelate and jurist, surnamed The Speculator. He was born at Puimisson, near Beziers, and was educated at Bologna. After teaching canon law at .Modena and occujiy- ing several important ollices in the Papal service at Rome, he was appointed Bishop of Mende in Languedoc (1286). whence he w;is recallcil to Italy in 1295 liy Pope Boniface VIII., who ap- pointed him Governor of Romagna. A splendid tomb was erected to his memory in the Domini- can Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva at Rome. The principal work of Durandus is the iipceultim Judiciate (c.l27I), a complete system of practical jurisurudence. comprising for the first time all the Roman and ecclesiastical laws. The work is based upon a careful study of the legislative texts, the jurisprudence, and the com- mentaries of previous investigators, and is valuable both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. More than forty editions of it have been published, the best being that of 1612. The liturgical work of Durandus. entitled Jtntionale Divinorum Officiorum, which aims at an explanation of the symbolical meaning of the Christian rites, is ^Iso" widely known. As the
