EGYPTOLOGY. 716 EHRENBREITSTEIN. teresting discoveries have been made. Ui> to the luesent time tiie society has published more than thirty valuable memoirs, and its annual reports give a compicliensive survey of the prog- ress of Egyptology throughout the world. A very large iimnbor ol Egyptian inscriptions and papyri have been jniblished by the different museums and by individual scholars. In this direction, as also in other ways, important ser- vice has been rendered by a number of ]«'ri- odicals devoted wholly or in part to the interests of Egyptology. Zeilschrift fiir ayyptltche Hprache und AUerthumskunde (Leipzig, 1803 et seq.), liccueil de Tracaiix rclatifs a la philologie et a VarcliMogie egyptiennes et assyf-ieniies (Paris, 1870 et seq.), and Transactioim (1872 et seq.) and Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archce- ology (London, 1878 et seq.), desen'e special mention in this connection. The Revue eyyp- t<)lo<ii<iue (Paris, 1880 et seq.) deals more espe- cially with Demotic sulijects. Since the time of Cliampollion, Egyptology has advanced with steady progress, and to-day stands upon a firm scientific basis. For the past half century hardly a year has passed unmarked by some important discovery. Among the many scholars to whose labors these great results are due. it is difficult to particularize ; but the names of Marictte. Devi'ria, Pierret, Maspero. de Mor- gan. Crebaut. and Bouriant. in France; of Hinks, IJirch. l,e Page Renouf. Wilkinson. Goodwin, Crillith. Flinders Petrie, Newberry, and Pudge, in England; of Dümichen, Ebers, Eisenlolir, Wiedemann, SteindortT, Sethe, von Bergman, and Spiegelberg, in fiermany; of von Lemni and Golenischeff, in Russia ; of Leemans and Pleyte. in Holland; of Rossi, Schiaparelli, and Guidi, in Italy; and of the Swiss scholar Naville, may be mentioned without fear of invidious distinction. The literature of the subject in its various de- partments is most extensive, and it is unfor- tunate that no complete bibliography exists. .Tolowicz. liihUothira .'Egyptinea (Leipzig, 18.58- 61 ) , and Prince Ibrahim Ililmy. The Litera- ture of Egypt and the Soudan, from the Ikirlirxt Times to the Year 1H8-'), Inclusive (London. 1880- 88) , bring the subject down to 1885. The numerous Egyptological books and articles that have ap- |«'are(l since then nnist be sought in the Orien- talisrhc BihUoihck (Berlin). See Egvi'T. and the articles on various special subjects alluded to in this article. EHEBERG, jlV-bPrK, Kari, TiiEonoR (I8.)5 — ). A German political economist. lie was born and educated at ^Munich, and in 1882 was called to the chair of political economy at Er- langen. A work of considerable value is his Orundriss der FinanxiriKxrnxehdft (."id cd. 1801), in which the subject of finance is treated in a very thorough and scholarly maimer. EHLERS, a'lers. Erx.st Heinrtch (183.5—). A German zoologist. He was born at Liineburg, and was educated at Giittingcn and JIunieh. In J 800 he was appointed professor of zoiilogy at Erlangen, and in 1874 was called to the chair of zodlogv' and comparative anatomy at Gottingen. He also became editor with A. von Kijlliher, of the Zeitschrift fiir Wisucnuchnflllrhe Zoologie. His principal works are: Zoologisehe Reitriige, with W. Keferstein (1801) ; Die Boratenuiimxer '1804-08) ; Ilypophorella Kxpanfia (1870) ; Flor- ida-Anneliden (1887); and Zur Kenntni.i der Tedicellincn (1800). EHLEKS, Ono Eiirem-hiku (1855-05). A German traveler, born in lland)urg. He was educated at .lena, Heidelberg, and Bonn, went to East Africa in 1887, and subsequently visited India, the Andaman and Xicobar Islands, as well as Siani, Frcncli Indo-t'hina, Corea, iuid Japan, returning to Germany bj- way of the Hawaiian Islands and the l"nitc<l States. His second tour took him through India, Samoa, Kaiser Wilhelms Land, and finally to New Guinea, which country he en(leaored to traverse. He was shot by na- tives accompanying hint. His works include: An indincheu Fiirstenhiifen (5th ed. 1898) : Ini Sattel dureh Indochina (1804) : Samoa, die I'erle der Siidsce (od ed. 1800) ; Im Osten Asiens (4th cd. 1000). EHLERS, Rudolf (1834—). A German Protestant theologian. He was born in Ham- burg, and was educated at Heidelberg. Berlin, and Gottingen. After holding a pa.storate at Stolberg. near Aix-la-Chapelle, he was. in 1804, called to the Protestant Reformed Church at Frankfort-on-the-JIain, where he exercised a con- siderable infiuence as a theologian, and 14 years afterwards was appointed consistorial councilor. In 1870 he became coeditor of the Zeilschrift fiir praklifsehe Theologie. His works include the fol- lowing: Evangelisehe I'redigten (1873) : Uas alte Gesetz nnd die neue Zrit (1877); Bilder aun dem Lehen des Apostelx Paulas (1880), and a Latin work on the inlliience of the ancient phil- osophies upon the Cliristian apologists of the second century, for which a prize was awarded by the faculty of Gcittingen. EHNINGER, an'ing-er, John Wiiktton (1827-80). An American pajnter and etcher, born in New York City. He was a pupil of Couture in Paris, and afterwards studied at Diisseldorf. His |)aintings include landsfa|ie and figure subjects. Among them are: "Peter Stuy- vesant" (18,50); eight illustrations for Long- fellow's .1/i7ps Standish (1858); and "Twilight from the Bridge of Pan." He was a clever and versatile draughtsman. EHRENBERG, a'rpn-beriv. Ciiristi.
Gott-
fried ( I70.5-1S7(>) . A German naturalist, born at R'litzseh. He studied at first theology in Leip- zig and then medicine and the natural sciences in Berlin. From 1820 to 1820 he traveled exten- sively in Eg-pt and .rabia. and afterwards ac- coiupanicd Alexander von Ihind)oIdt to the Ural Mountains and Central .sia. In 1826 he be- came extraordinary professor of medicine in Berlin, and in 1830 was made full professor. I'^rom 1842 ho was ]X'rpetmil secretary of the Academy of Sciences, .mong his earlier works are several books of travels; also Symbolo' I'hysi- cw sen [cones et Dcscriptioncs Mammaliiim ( 1828- 33) ; Die Korallenlicrc des Hoten Mcercs ( 1834). His most important works were on infusoria, his investigations of which were epoeh-making. His contributions on this subject were: Organisation Syslcniatik and gcographisches Verhiiltnis der Infusionstierchen (1830); Die fnfusionstierehfn als vollkommene Organismen (1838); Fossik Infusoricn (1837): M ikrogeologie (1854). EHRENBREITSTEIN^ :Vrcn-brIt'stin. A town and fnrlrc^- of lihenish Prussia. It is picturesquely situated on the right bank of the Rhine, directly opposite Coblenz, with which it is
