EHKENBEEITSTEIN. ri7 EICHENDORFF. connected by a bridge of boats, and a splendid railway bridge. The town of Elirenbreitstein has several mills, a tobaeto luanufactory, a flour- ishing trade in wine, cum, and iron, two cattle markets, and four annual fairs. Population, in 1900, 5303. The fortress of Elirenbreitstein oc- cupies the summit of a precipitous rock nearly 400 feet above the river, and has been called the Gibraltar of the Rhine, on accoiuit of its great natural strength and its massive fortifications. The French attempted to take the stronghold in loss and failed, but in 1709, after a siege of fourteen months, they succeeded in capturing it. Tluy retained it only till the Peace of Luneville (ISOl), when they retired, blowing up the fortifications behind them. Immediately after the close of the Xapoleonic wars, the con- struction of new fortifications on a vast scale was begun. The scenery around Elirenbreitstein is the noblest of the whole Rhine country. EHRENSVARD, a'rens-vfird, Aigustin, Count (1710-72). A Swedish soldier and mili- tary engineer. At the age of twent}--four he in- vented a device for increasing the force of pro- jectiles. He built the fortifications of Sveaborg (1749), and created the Swedish coast fleet (1756). Owing to the bravery and skill ex- hibited by him during the Seven Years' War, he was made a field-marshal. In recognition of his services a fine monument was erected to his memory at Sveaborg. EHRENSVARD, JCvrl August, Count (1745- 1800 ) . A Swedish admiral, author, and artist, a son of Count Augustin Ehrensviird. He became an admiral at the age of thirty-nine, and fought the first naval battle of the Russian War, at Svensksund, but was dismissed because of his retreat. After the death of Gustavus III. he was reappointed to the chief command of the navy (1702), but resigned two years later. The remaining years of his life were devoted en- tirely to scientific studies, and to the artistic re- searches which secured for him a high rank as a critic. His principal works are liesa till Italien (2d ed. 1819), and Dc fria koitsters philosophie (1786), in which he evinces a strong predilection for the classics of Greece and Rome. His collect- ed writings, Hkrifter, have been frequently re- printed (latest ed. Stockholm. 1866). EHRLICH, er'liK. Alfred Heinbich (1822- 99). A German pianist and musical author. He was bom in Vienna, and studied under Henselt and Thalberg. He was for some time Court pianist to King George X. of Hanover, and be- came established in Berlin in 1802, where he was made teacher of the pianoforte at the Stern Conservatory (1864-72 and 1880-98). In addi- tion to musical criticisms and other writings in the Berliner Tiir/ehl'itt, Die Gericnnnrt. and the "Scue Berliner Musihzeitunfi, his publications in- clude Vie uebt tnan am Klnrier (2d ed. 1884; English translation. Xew York) ; Die Ornamentik in Sebastian Bach's Klavierwerken; Dreissig Jakre Kunstlerleben 1802-02 (1893); Beriihmte Pianisten der Oer/enimrt und Tergangenheit (1897; English translation. London. 1894), a col- lection of 116 biographies and 114 portraits; Beruhmir Tinlinisten. etc., with 79 portraits, translated into English by T>egge (London, The Strnd. 1S97). His edition of Tausig's Teehnical Studies is also widelv known. E'HUD. The name of one of the judges in Israel before the establishment of the kingdom. The ■judgment' he brought upon a powerful enemy is described in .Judges iii. 12-30. Having carried tribute to Eglon (ij.v.). King of Moab, he departed, but returned, gained admission on the ground that he had an oracle to present, stabbed the unsuspecting king, and delivered his people. As Ehud occurs in 1. Chron. vii. 10, as the name of a clan, and (Jera. his reputed father, likewise in I. Chron. viii. 3, the historical charac- ter of this hero has been doubted. The desire to celebrate the tribe" of Benjamin, and especially the zeal of one of its clans, may have led to the story. Consult: Xi'ddeke, Unlersiiehiingen zur Kriiik des Allen Testaments (Kiel, 18G9) ; Winckler, Gcsehichte Israels (Leipzig, 1895). EIBAR, ri'<-uUr. A town in the Province of Guipiizcoa, Spain, 34 miles by rail east by south of Bilbao. It is noted principally for the manu- facture of small arms and metal articles for decorative purposes. Population, in 1900, 6459. EIBENSTOCK, iljen-stok. A town in the circle of Zwickau. Saxony. Germany, near the right bank of the JIulde, 17 miles southeast of Zwickau by rail. Its principal edifice is a Romanesque church dating from 1864. It is an industrial centre, the chief seat of the tam- bour embroidery manufactures, and also has manufactures of chemicals and tobacco. In the vicinity are tin-mines which have been worked since the twelfth century. Population, in 1900, 7468. EICHBERG, iKljeiK, .luLirs (1824-93). A (ierman-American musician. He was bom in Diisseldorf. studied composition in Brussels under Fetis, and the violin under Meerts and Beriot, and obtained the first prizes in both sub- jects at the Conservatory. From 1858 until his death he lived in Boston, where he was director of the Boston Conservatory of JIusic, general su- pervisor of musical instruments in the Boston public schools, and head of Eichberg's School for Violin Playing. Among his compositions are: The D'lrlQr of Alcdntara (1862), which is one of the best operas written in America, and The Rose of Tyrol (1865). EICHENDORFF, iK'CTidOrt. .Joseph. Baron von (17SS-1S57). A distinguished German au- thor, born at Lubowitz { I'pper Sile*ia ) . He studied at Halle and at Heidelberg, and collabo- rated with Clemens Brontano (q.v.) and -chim von Arnira on the famous collection of folk- songs. Des Knaben Wumtcrhorn. His early original work included fugitive verse, and a prose tale, Ahnung und Oeiiennart (1811). From 1813 to 1815 he participated in the War of Liberation, and from 1831 until his resigna- tion in 1845 served as Government councilor in tlic Prussian Ministry of Public Worship. His poems were the last and probaldy the most per- fect lyric expression of German Romanticism. His later poetic work is generally cast in narra- tive form {Julian, 1853: Lucius, 1857). and is tinged with increasing clerical views. His ad- mirable translations from the Spanish, Der Graf Lueanor (1845) and Die geislliehen (^chauspiele Caldcrons (2 vols., 1846-53), were prompted by the same tendency. His most famous prose work is the familiar A us dem Leben eincs Taugenirhts (1826). which retains its popularity throughout Germany, as do several of his songs. Mention
