GRAHAM. 107 GRAHAM. came First Lord of the Admiralty, -with a seat in the Cabinet, and was one of the eonimittee ap- pointed to discuss and settU' (lie ]inivisions of the first Reform Bill. In 1834 he seceded from the Government with IMr. Stanley, on the ap- propriation clause of the Irish Church Tempo- ralities Act. In 1838 he was elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow. In 1841 he became Secretary of State for the Home Department in the Government of Sir Robert Peel, who on one occasion declared that Ciraham ■was the ablest administrator and the best man of business he had ever known. In 1844 a ■warrant issued for openinp; the letters of Maz- zini. and the comniunication of their contents to the Austrian Minister involved Graham in great obloquy. He also incurred dis])leasure by his high-handed dealing with the Scottish Church troubles which ended in the formation of the Free Church. He gave Peel warm support in carrying the Corn Law Repeal Bill, and resigned office with his chief as soon as that measure was carried. On the death of Peel in 1850 he became leader of the Peelite Party in the Lower House, and led the opposition to the Ecclesiastical Bill. From December, 1852, he held his old office of First Lord of the Admiralty in the coalition Jlin- istry of the Earl of Aberdeen, until his retire- ment in February, 1855. He died from heart dis- ease, October 25, 1861. His commanding stature, fine personal presence, ripe wisdom, and calm and impressive eloquence made him the Nestor of the House of Commons. But his changes of opinion, from the Whiggism of his youth to the Conserva- tism of his manhood, and the Radicalism of his old age, exposed him to well-founded charges of political inconsistency. For his life, consult: Torrens (London. 18G3) ; and Lonsdale in The Worthies of Cumberlaitd, vol. ii. (London, 1867- 75). GRAHAM, John, Viscount Dukdee (c.l649- 89). oftcnest spoken of as Claverhouse. The eldest son of Sir William Graham of Claver- house, head of the branch of the noble family of Montrose, in Forfarshire. He entered Saint Andrews LTniversitv in 1665, served in the French Army from 1068 till 1672, after which he entered the Dutch service as cornet in the Prince of Orange's horse guards. Returning to Scotland, he obtained (1678) an appointment as lieutenant in a troop of horse commanded by his cousin, the third Marquis of Montrose. At this time the Government of Charles II. ^vas engaged in an attempt to force Episcopacy upon the peo]>le of Scotland. A system of fines and military coercion had been carried on for years against all non- conformists : conventicles and lield-preaohings were prohibited, and penalties were inflicted on all who harbored the recusants. When the peo- ple resisted this oppression, many were put to death, the jail was filled with captives, and those who fled were outlawed, and their property ■wa.s seized. It was now Graham's duty to repress the Covenanters in the south of Scotland. In this work he was continually baffled, and was even put to flight by a body of armed Covenanters at Drumclog. Finally, however, as commander of the cavalry, he aided the Duke of iMonmouth in defeating them at Bothwell Bridge, June, 1670. The victors killed 400 rebels and captured 1200, who were afterwards treated with atrocious cruelty. In these encounters Graham showed no marked ability; but in pursuing, detecting, and Vol. IX.— 8. hunting down unyielding Cuvenantcrs he evinced the ulmo.sl zeal. He rose to the rank of major- general, was sworn a Private Councilor, and in 168S, on the eve of the Revolution, James II, raised him to the peerage as Viscount Dundee and Lord Graham of Claverhouse. After lliis monarch had fallen. Dundee remained faithful to him. Joined by the Jacobite Highland clans, and by auxiliaries from Ireland, he raised the standard of rebellion against the Government of William and Jlary. With 2500 foot and a troop of horse he defeated (ieneral Mackay at the Pass of Killiecrankie. ,luly 27, 168!l. Dundee fell by a nnisket-shot while waving on one of his bat- talions to advance. He was carried oft tlie field to Urrard House, or Blair Castle, and there ex- pired. The character and services of Dundee have been greatly e.xaggerated and blackened by party spirit. With the Jacobites he was the brave and handsome Cavalier, the last of the great Scots and gallant Grahams. He was upright and virtu- ous in private life, and in military discipline re- markably severe. With the Covenanters, he was "wicked-witted. blooilthirsty Claver'se." As a military commander, he had little opportunity for display, yet the battle of Killiecrankie was skill- fully planned, and fought with courage and dash. As a persecutor he was severe, but not wholly without pity. Consult: Graham. Letters v:ith Illiistratire Dociimcnis, edited by Smythe (Edin- burgh, 1526) ; Napier, lletnoriuls and Letters Illustrative of the Life and Times of Jolui Gra- ham of CJarerhonse (Edinburgh. 1859-62); A Southern (pseud.). CInrers. the Despot's Cliam- pion: A Seat's Biography (London, 1889) ; Mor- ris, '"Claverhouse," in Lang, Enplish Worthies (London, 1887) ; Acta Pari fieot. IX. (ap- pendix) ; !Maeaulay, Histori/ of England (New Vork. 1858) ; Burton, Uistori/ of Seofland (Edinburgh, 1S67-70). Scott's novel Old Mor- taltit/ gives a spirited picture of Claverhouse. GRAHAM, John (I754-I8I7). A Scotch painter, born in Edinburgh, He studied at the Royal Academy, London. He was master of the Trustees' Academy in Edinburgh from 1798 until his death, and an excellent teacher. Among his well-known pu)iils were Allan. Wilkie. Burnett, and Gordon. He was most successful as a figure painter, though he also painted portraits and animal studies. GRAHAM, Peter (1836-). An English landsoa|)e and animal painter, horn in Edinliur'gh. He studied at tlie Edinburgh School of Design under Lauder and Ballantyne ; afterwards he re- moved to London and became an R.A. in 1881. He is noted for his spirited studies of Highland scenery ■with cattle, such as "Highland Spate" (1866), and "Jloorland Rovers." and for finely rendered sea pictures, distinguished for atmos- pheric effect and sinceritv of treatment. These include Our Northern 'Wall," "The Fowler's Crag." and "Where Deep Seas Moan." GRAHAM, Richard, Viscount Preston (1648.95). See Pre-STON. GRAHAM, SYLVE.STER (1794-1851). An American reformer, best known as a temperance lecturer and an advocate of vegetarianism. He was born at Suffield, Conn., studied at Amherst, and about 1826 entered the ministry of the Pres- byterian Church. A few years later he became a temperance advocate, and based his cure for
