GRAND RAPIDS. 127 GRANDVAL. manufactures of lumber, l)ul|) ;ind paper, furni- ture. Hour, etc. The uianufaetures are i)ronioted by good water-power. Population, in 18U0, 1702; in 1900, 4493. GRAND REMONSTRANCE. A manifesto presented to Clunles 1. of England by the House of Commons in 1041. The outbreak of the Irish rebellion and the rumored intrigues of the King with the Scotch Earl of Jlontrose had convinced the leaders of the Puritan part.y that the hour had come when he must be called to account. Ac- cordingly, on November 22, while Charles was absent in Scotland, the Commons, after a final stormy debate lasting from noon till midnight, adopted a Grand Kemonstrance by a majority of eleven. The Remonstrance is in character a severe indictment for a long series of acts of alleged misgovernment extending over the King's whole preceding reign. Some of the charges were exag- gerated or untrue. The document, which was presented December 1, consists of 204 sections, nnd in it the forced loans and ship-money, the bil- leting of soldiers and the imprisonment of mem- bers of Parliament, the enlargement of the royal forests and the abuse of commercial monopolies, the excesses of the court-s of Star Chamber, High Commission, and that of the president and Coun- cil of the North, with many other grievances, are minutely set forth. As in the Petition, a. request is made for the appointment of ministers in whom the Parliament may have confidence, and it is asked that the reform of the Church may be left to a "synod of the most grave, pious, learned, and judicious divines"; but the Parliamentary plan contains no suggestion of toleration for those who shall not conform. When first received from the deputation of the Commons, Charles criticised and ridiculed the Remonstrance. On December 10 he issued a proclamation on reli- gion, which he evidently intended as an indirect reply, and on December 23 he issued a lofty and evasive 'Answer' to the petition which accom- panied the manifesto. He seemed blind to the supreme danger of his position, and on January 3, l()41-2, sent his Attorney-General to impeach the leaders of the opposition before the House of Lords. For the text of the' Grand Remon- strance, consult Gardiner's Constitutional Docu- ments (2d ed., Oxford, 1899), and for a dis- cussion, his History of England, x. 59-64, 71-79, 8S, 108-09 (new ed., London and New York, 1893-95). GRAND RIVER. One of the headstreams of the Colorado (q.v,). It rises in the Rocky Jlountains, in the northern part of Colorado, and flows in ,a general southwest course for about 350 miles, joining the Green River in southeastern Utah to form the Colorado (Map: Utah, C 2). Its main tributaries are the Gunnison and Dolores rivers, both from the south. The greater part of its course is through a mountainous region in deep caiions. although there are many fertile valleys along its banks. GRAND RIVER. A river whose sources are located in .Adair and Union counties, Iowa (Map: Iowa. C 3). After a southeasterly course of 300 miles, it flows into IMissouri River at Bnms- wick, Chariton County, Mo. GRAND RIVER. A tributary of Lake Michi- gan, rising in .Jackson County, Mich., and flow- ing for about 280 miles northwest and westi. (Map: Michigan, G C). It empties into the lake at Grand Haven. It is navigable by steamers 40 miles from its mouth to Grand Rapids, above which place the river falls 18 feet in a mile, fur- nisliing good waier-pcnvcr. GRAND RIVER, or HA'MILTON RIVER. A river of Labrador, British America (Map: Can- ada, S 6). It leaves Lake Petitskapow in lati- tude 54° 35' N. and longitude 64° 50' V., (low- ing south through a chain of lakes and over the Grand Palls (q.v.), then continuing east and northeast until it enters the Atlantic Ocean through Hamilton Inlet. GRAND SERGEANTY CML. magna serjean- ila). The most honorable of the ancient feudal tenures. According to Lj-ttelton. tenure by grand sergeanty is where a man holds his lands or tenements of his sovereign lord the King by such sen'ices as he ought to do in his proper peison to the King, as to carry the banner of the King, or his lance, or to lead his army, or to be his marshal, or to carry his sword before him at his coronation, or to be his carver, or his butler, or one of his chamberlains of the receipt of his excliequer, or to do other like services. This tenure must be held directly of the King. A here lands were held of a subject on condition of performance of similar services, the tenure was not grand sergeanty, but knight's service. Thus, lands on the Scottish border held of the King by cornage — i.e. on condition of winding a horn to give notice when the Scots had crossed the border — were held in grand sergeanty ; but lands lield of a subject for the same service were held in knight's service. Tenants holding by grand sergeanty were free from escuage, which usually appertained to knight's service, and in general could only be called upon to perform their services infra quatuor maria, within the four seas. The services in grand sergeanty were to be performed by the tenant in person, where he was able to do so. The office of attendance on the sovereign's person was esteemed so hon- orable that no one below the dipiity of a knight could perform it. Hence, where lands held by grand sergeanty were in the possession of a citi- zen, he was permitted to perform his service by deputy. This tenure by grand sergeanty was by 12 Charles II., e. 24, in common with other military tenures, reduced to common socage (q.v.) ; except so far as regards the honorary services, which continue to be observed to this day. In Scotland, grand sergeanty was not known as a separate tenure — that is to say, lands held on condition of honorary' services rendered to the sovereign were not attended with any privileges other than those attaching to lands held in a similar manner of a subject superior. In that country a tenure by honorary service was known as a blanch holding. See Feud.i.i.sm : Tenure. GRAND TOUR. The term applied in the eighteenth century to the tour of France, Ger- many, and Italy, which formed a part of the education of young men of wealth and fashion. GRAND TRIANON, tre'a'noN'. See Tria- non. GRANDVAL, griiN'val', Makie F^licie Cht- MENCE DE Rei.set, Viscountcss de (1830 — ). A French composer, born at Saint RC'my-des-Monts. She studied with Flotow and Saint-Saens, and
