GEANDVAIi. 128 GRANGER. under various pseudonyms published many songs. llcr oratorio. La fille de Jaire, won the Prix Rossini, and a number of operas, among tliem Piccolino (1S6S), Atala {ISSS}, Mazeppa (1892), have been successfully produced. Her sacred compositions are also of considerable merit. GRANDVIIiLE, griiN'vel' (1803-47). A French illustrator and caricaturist. His real name was Jean Igxace Lsidore Geraed, and he was bom at Nancy, September 3, 1803. In the year 1828 he published the first of a series of humorous sketches, entitled Les metamorphoses du jour, which were highly thought of, and in 1840-42 another series, entitled Les animaux ■parlants. His Convoi de la liherti, his Basse cour, Mat de cocagne, etc., as pictures of the politics and manners of the times, are of great and lasting value. When the September laws put an end to political caricature, Grandville used his pencil to satirize the follies and vices of mankind. He also contributed illustrations to new and splendid editions of the Fables of Lafontaine and Florian; the Adventures of lioh- inson Crusoe; Gulliver's Travels; Hugo's Vie de Napoleon; Raybaud's Jerome Paturot, etc. Grandville is remarkable for depth and deli- cacy of observation and criticism, for his in- genious turn of thought, and accuracy in por- traiture. His drawing is correct, his anatomy accurate, his foreshortening carefully studied; the whole is occasionally hard and cold, the idea complicated. Consult Blanc, Grandville (Paris, 185.5). GRANEL'LA, Victor. The pseudonym of the German theologian Wilhelm Tangermann (q.v. ). GRANET, gra'na', Francois Mariu,s (1775- 1849). A French painter, born at Aix. in Pro- vence. He was a pupil of the landscape artist Constantin, and then studied under David. In 1802 he went to Italy, and remained in Rome much of his life. While he attempted historical subjects at times, Granet was distinctly a painter of interiors, and in this genre achieved a reputa- tion. In 1826 he was made custodian of the paintings of the Louvre. At his death he left his fortune to found a museum at Aix. His ■works include: "Eglise souterraine d' Assise" (1823); "Intcrieur de I'eglise des Capuchins ft Rome" (1819) ; "Pri.se d'habit au couvent de Saint-Claire a Rome;" and "Le Tasse visite dans sa prison par Montaigne." GRANGE. The name popularly applied to the Patrons of Husbandry, but in fact denoting the constituent and subsidiary lodges of that organi- zation. The Society of Patrons of Husbandry was founded at Washington, T). C. in December, 1807. to advance the interests of husbandry. The chief founder of the society was 0. H. Kelley, a clerk in the Department of Agriculture, deputed by the Government in 1866 to make a tour of inspec- tion through the Southern States, and to report upon their agricultural conditions and the best means of improving them. The widespread de- moralization of the farming population there convinced Kelley that organization was 'STtally necessary, as well for the farmers' solf-protcc- tion as for their advancement by the use of scien- tific methods of cultivation and the enactment of laws favorable to them. Upon his return to Washington, therefore, he, with six others, estab- lished the 'National Grange of Patrons of Hus- bandry.' The otlier founders were William Saunders, J. R. Thompson, A. B. Gresh, F. M. McDowell, L. M. Trimble, and William M. Ire- land. The organization was secret, and member- ship was limited to those actually engaged in agriculture. Women were admitted on an equal- ity with men; and this feature, novel at that time, had nmch to do with the society's rapid growth. The constitution provided for local, dis- trict, State, and national organizations, for the conferring of degrees, and for the election of women to oflice. Aided by the efforts of Kelley, who was a zealous promoter, the society, after a few years, gained rapidly in numbers and influ- ence. In 1873 there were 13,000 subordinate granges, and in 1875 the total membership reached 1,500.000. At about this time the Grange had become prominently identified with legislative measures, both State and national, intended to curb railroads and trusts, to prevent discrimination in rates and prices, and in other ways, not always justifiable, to advance the farmers' interests. Although supposedly a non- partisan and non-political order, a good deal of 'wildcat' legislation was laid at the Grange's door, and eventually brought it into disrepute. In the meantime, however, it had been largely instrumental in securing the passage of the Inter- state Commerce Act, the Oleomargarine Law. the Hatch Act. founding cxijerimcnt stations, and the law making tlie head of the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet officer. The Grange also endeavored to gain control of elevators, ware- houses, and terminal facilities, and instituted co- operative buying and selling on a large scale for the advantage of its members. The public, not easily distinguishing the official acts of the Grange from the efforts and purposes of the farmers generally, came to designate the whole class as Grangers, and their legislative ends as the Granger Movement. Doubtless from this derived meaning also came the term Granger roads, applying to the principal railroads carry- ing grain and wheat. Of late years the political activity of the Grange has practically ceased; or, more properly, it has been successive- ly transferred to the Farmers' Alliance (q.v.) and to the Populist Party (q.v.). On the other hand, the social aspects of the Grange have been more largely developed, and it promises, though with a smaller membership than it once had, to remain a permanent institution. Consult: Popu- lar Science Monthly, vol. xxxii. ; American. Annals of Political Science, vol. iv. ; New Jersey Labor Statistics for 1886. '"' GRANGEMOUTH, gr:inj'nu"ith. A seaport town and police burgh in Stirlingshire, Scotland, on the Firth of Forth, at the mouth of the Car- ron, 2% miles northeast of Falkirk (Map: Scot- land, E 3) . It has a fine harbor with good docks, and carries on a large Continental and coasting trade, its situation at the entrance to the Forth and Clyde Canal adding to its importance. The average annual value of its imports and exports, exceeding £5,500,000 (.f!27.500.OO0) , gives it third place among Scottish ports. There are ship- building and supplemental industries, iron, brick, and tile-works, and coal-mining. Population, in 1831. 1155; in 1901. 8000. GRAN'GER, Fr.vncis (1792-1868). An American politician, horn at Suffield. Conn., the son of Gideon Granger (q.v.). He graduated at
