GOGOL. 3 protest it aroused undermined his eonstitution, and for twelve years (iogol lived mostly abroad, searching in vain for health. In 1842 he pub- lished the first volume of Dead Hoiils, describing the adventures of TchitcliiUolf, who travels all over Russia in pursuance of a scheme of becom- ing an estate-holder by purchasing the dead serfs ("souls' of the dead), who are olHcially counted as living until the next census. It cmluaces types of all walks of Russian life, drawn willi all his former art and with a nuistery still further accen- tuated. The second vohuue was almost ready in 1845, but he burned it in a fit of hypochondria, of which he had become a victim, and whicii made him a religious mystic and champion of autoc- racy. A rough draft and detached scraps of it found after his death were brought into shape and published by his friends. It clearly reflects his dwindling intellectial powers; the personages are mostly figures of the goody-goody type, drawn not from actual life, but simply as a foil to the characters in the first volume. The Excerpts from the Correspondence with My Friends (1847) presented the painful spectacle of recantation and negation of his artistic work, in a manner anticipating Tolstoy's similar ut- terances. Gogol died in Russi.a, after a pilgrim- age to Jerusalem in 1848. He is generally con- sidered the founder of the Natural School. The best critical edition of his works is that of Tik- huravofr (1889-lflOO). Consult: V. I. Shenrok, Materials for Gogol's Biography (Moscow, 1892- 98). English translations: Hapgood. Saint John's Ere and Other Htories; Taras-Biilba ; Tchitchikoff's Journeys, or De<xd Souls (New York. 188(i) ; Sykes, The I nspeetor-General, or Recizor (London, n. d.). GOG'BA, or GOG'ARI. One of the largest afHuents of the Ganges (q.v.), British India, joining that river from the left near Dinapur after a generally southeast course of 000 miles (Map: India, D'.3). It rises in latitude 30° 28' N.. and longitude 80° 40' E., on the sou-thern declivity of a Himalayan range. After receiving many tributaries on both sides, it enters the great plain of Hindustan, after a course of 148 miles, and 70 miles lower down becomes navi- gable for craft of considerable burden. Farther down it is navigable for boats of all sizes at all seasons. The principal affluents are the Sarju and the Rapti. GOHIER, go'ya', LouLS .Jerome (1746-18.30). A French politician, born at Semblantjay ( Indre- et-Loire). A distinguished advocate, he was Deputy from Ille-et-Vilaine to the Legislative Assembly of 1791. The following year he be- came Secretary of the Department of Justice and then Minister of Justice ( 1793 ) , succeeding Garat. He was president of the criminal court, judge of the Court of Cassation, and last president of the Directory (1799). In 1802 Napoleon made him Consul-General to Holland, and wished to send him in the same capacity to the United States (1810), when CJohier retired from public life. His Memoires were published in 1824. GOIL, goil. Loch. A small sea-loch in Argyll- shire. Scotland, a branch of Loch Long, six miles in length, and less than one mile in breadth (Map: Scotland, D 3). Its shores are very steep, wild, and rugged, but diversified by ex- tensive woods of hazel. Lochgoilhead is a fa- vorite summer watering-place. GOLAW. GOITO, gr/A-t&. A town in the Province of Mantua, Italy, on the right bank of the Mincio, 11 miles northwest of the city of ilantua (Map: Italy, E 2). Its vicinity to Mantiia has made it the scene of numerous battles. Population of commune, in 1901. 5694. GOITRE (Fr., from Lat. <7i(ito-, throat). An enlargement of the thyroid gland (q.v.) occupy- ing the front of the neck, and sometimes of such a size as to project downward over the breast) and even admit of being thrown over the shoulder. Goitre is,, for the most part, an endemic or local disease, being found in the mountainous regions of the Alps, Amies, and Himalayas, in the Pennine Range, and in Derbyshire, England (whence Der- byshire neck), in the Rhone valley, in the Indian Punjab, and in North Italy, especially, it is said, where lime prevails large!}' as a geological forma- tion. The proofs of goitre being connected with a calcareous impregnation of tlie drinking-water are strong. Women are oftener atfected with goitre than men. An explanation offered for this fact is to the effect that they drink more water than men. Goitre is met with endeiuically to a slight extent in various parts of Scotland, but on a very small scale indeed as compared with Switzerland, in which it is a very important de- formity, especially when connected with cre- tinism (q.v.). Sporadic goitre may occur in any country. The pathological changes which under- lie the enlargement of the thyroid in goitre are not always the same in all cases. In some ca.ses the enlargement is general with the formation of many new follicles, which contain a gelatinous material known as 'colloid.' In other cases there is little new gland formation, the increase in size being due to dilatation of the blood-vessels. In still other cases the gland is the seat of cy.st3 of various sizes. In the form of goitre known as exophthalmic goitre (see Basedow's Disease), which is marked by protrusion of the eyes (ex- ophthahnos) and functional disturbance of the heart action, there is increase in the size of the thyroid, which Greenfield describes as a condition of active glandular proliferation. From the symptoms of this disease taken in connection with the known effect of thyroid extract upon the system, it seems probable that the change in the gland is the pathological basis of the disease. The usual treatment of goitre consists in the administration of very minute doses of iodine for a long time internally, locally by inunction, or locally by eataphoresis. (See Electricity, Medi- cal Uses of.) In a few rare cases, the admin- istration of thyroid gland has cured. In others, the administration of thymus gland has cured. GOKINGK, gP'klnk, Leopold Friedricii CJcn- thee vo.n. See Gockinuk. GOKTCHA, gok'chit, or SEVANGA (sye- vHn'ga) LAKE. A lake in the Transcaucasi'an (Jovernment of Erivan, situated at an altitude of about 6300 feet, and surrounded by high mountains (Map: Russia, G fi)- It is about 45 miles long. 23 miles wide, and has an es- timated area of 540 square miles. It receives a large number of mountain streams. The outlet is through the Sanga, a tributary of the Aras. In the northwestern part of the lake is the island of Sevang, with an old Armenian mon- astery. GOLAW, golav, Salomon. The pseudonym of the German epigrammatist Friedrieh Logau (q.v.) .
