GBAVIUS. 158 GBAY. he edited the chief classical authors, especially the Latin ones, and also compiled two monu- mental works: Thefniiirus Antii/iiilatum Roman- arum (12 vols., Utrecht, lG94-y9), and Thesau- rus Antii/uitatum et Historianim Italiw (12 vols., Leyden, 1704-23), completed by his pupil and biographer Burmann. Consult Burmann, Orulio Funebris (Utrecht, 1703), which also eon- tains a complete list of the -yvorks of Gravius. GBAY, Asa (1810-88). A celebrated Ameri- can botanist. He was born at Paris, N. Y. In 1S31 lie obtained the degree of JI.D., but soon relinquished the practice of medicine to become assistant to Torrey in the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. Owing to a long delay in the starting of the United States exploring expedition, of which Gray had been appointed botanist in 1834, he resigned this post in 1837. He became, in 1842, Fisher professor of natural history in Harvard University, a chair he filled until 1873, when he withdrew from active service to devote his remaining years to the study and care of his herbarium. From 183G, when he pub- lished his first work. Elements of Botany, after- wards enlarged, and in 1887 renamed the Bo- tanical Text-Book, he was adding to the writings that from the beginning were considered authori- tative in their respective lines — taxonomy and morphology. In the schools' he is perhaps best known through his Lessons in- Botanif, which first appeared in 1857 and passed through nianv edi- tions. How Plants Grote (1858) and How Plants Behave (1872) are admirable for awakening the interest of the young in the actualities of plant life. Gray's taxonomic and descriptive work upon Xorth American plants is important and exten- sile. This work, coupled with his reviews of the floras of .Japan and many of the Pacific islands, led him to the following important conclusions with respect to the distribution of species : Spe- cies have luie origin : their distribution over the globe is due to physical causes : the flora of the iiortli temperate zone is circumjxjlar : conclusions which, based on convincing data, place him in the front rank with the constructive philosophers of his day. He was one of the first American natu- ralists to espouse the cause of evolution. He maintained in Daririnia (New York, 1876) and A Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise on the Ori(jin of Speeies, and Its American Reviewers (Cambridge. 1861 ) , that the theory of natural se- lection may be reconciled with the strictest creed; but contended, in opposition to Darwin, that 'variation' is guided by an intelligent power. From 1863 to 1873 he was president of the Ameri- can Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 187.2 presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He was a corres])onding or honorary member of many European scientific societies. As a reviewer, biographer, and con- tributor he was highly esteemed. To the Ameri- can Journal of Science he was a constant edi- torial adviser. His philosophical papers have been collected and published in two volumes by Sargent, under the title Scientific Papers of Asa Gray (Boston, 1888). His other most widely known works are: manual of Botany of the h'orthcrn United States, sixth edition by Watson (New York, 1889) ; Field. Forest, and Garden Botany, revised by Bailey (New Y'ork, 1895) ; Synoptical Flora of North America, begun as joint author with Tor- rey in 1838, and continued by liis successors; Natural Science ami Religion (1880). Consult his Letters edited by his wife (London, 1893). GBAY, David (1838-61). A Scotch poet, born at Merkland, Kirkintilloch, Dumbartonshire. He had been educated for the niinistiy, but early became a contributor to the Glasgow Citizen, and the success of these beginnings made liim decide to devote himself to literature. In 1800 he went to London, where he was kindly helped by Jlonck- ton Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton. But he could not get his poems printed, and the priva- tions he suffered during those first weeks in London broke his health. He develojjed con- sumption, and died soon after his return to Scot- land. Meanwhile his idyllic poem, "The Luggie," had been accepted, and was published with some other verse in 1862, llilnes himself writing the preface. During the last year of his life Gray composed a. series of sonnets called In the Shad- ows. Another edition of his poems was brought out in 1874, edited by H. G. Bell. For further biographical detail, consult the sketch by his friend Robert Buchanan, in David Gray and Other Essays (London, 1808). GBAY, Elisha (1835-1901). An American inventor, born at Barnesville, in Ohio. He at- tended Oberlin College, supporting himself by working at the trade of a carpenter. In 1867 he obtained his first patent, which was for tele- graphic apparatus. Subsequently he received nearly fifty patents, relating principally to the telephone and other electrical apparatus. Claims were advanced in behalf of Ciray as one of the inventors of the speaking telephone (q.v. ), for which he filed specifications, February 14, 1876; but the patent was awarded to Alexander CJraham Bell (q.v.), whose rights were sustained by the Supreme Court. Among his other inventions were a system of multiplex telegraphy, a type- printing telegraph, the telautograph (q.v.), and numerous telegraphic and telephonic appliances and adjuncts. He was for a number of years en- gaged in the manufacture of telegraphic appa- ratus in Chicago and Cleveland. He was the author of Experimental Researches in Electro- Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony (1878), a book based upon his experiments. GBAY, George (1840—). Statesman and ju- rist. He was born in New Castle, Del. ; graduated at Princeton in 1859; studied law at Harvard: was admitted to the bar in 1863. and practiced first at New Castle and then at Wilmington. He was Attorney-General of Delaware from 1879 to 1885, when he was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to succeed Thomas F. Bayard. He was reelected in 1887 and in 1893. In 1898 he sensed on the Anglo-American Joint High Commission and on the Paris Peace Com- mission. Senator Gray was a strong supporter of tariff and civil-sen'ice reform and of sound money. Early in 1899 he became a United States Circuit Court judge, and in November, 1900, was appointed a member of the International Commit- tee of Arbitration. GBAY, George Robert (1808-72). An Eng- lish zoologist, brother of J. E, Gray (q.v.), born at Chelsea. In 1831 he was appointed assistant in the zoological department of the British 5Iu- seum. His works, which reveal much patient re- search, include: Entomology of Australia{ 1833) ;
