GRAY. 159 GRAY. Hand-List of the Genera ami Species of Birds, containing about 11,000 species (18G!)-72); Genera of Birds (3 vols., illustrated, 1844-49), a very useful and vahuible work, (iray also contributed on entomology to the works of Cu- vier and Agassiz. GRAY, Henry Peteks (1819-77). .ii Ameri- can genre, liistorioal, and portrait painter, lie was born in New York. June 23, 1819. In 1838 lie studied with Daniel Huntington (q.v.), and in 1839 he visited Europe. He was elected a member of the National Academy in 184'2. and during the following year executed a niunber of genre and historical paintings. In 1841! he re- visited Europe, staying a short time, and returned again in 1871, when he spent three years in Flor- ence. Between these two visits he was elected president of the National Academy, holding the office from 18G9 to 1871. Tlie subjects of many of his paintings are taken from antiquity, and show no particular American characteristic, but rather the influence of Italian, especially of Venetian masters. The latter portion of his life was devoted to painting portraits, of which he executed ■2.'50. He died November 12, 1877. The following list includes some of his more impor- tant works: "Immortality of the Soul;" "Greek Lovers;" "Genevieve;" "Wages and War," Metropolitan JIuseum, New York ; "Birth of Our Flagr" (187.5) ; "Apple of Discord" (1876) : portrait of "William Cullen Bryant," Historical Society, New York ; "Cupid Begging His Arrow," Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia ; "Cleopatra Dissolving the Pearl," Metropolitan Museum; "Judgment of Paris." Corcoran Gallerv, Vash- ington; "Truth:" "Ophelia:" "Normandy Girl;" "Jessica, the Pride of the Rialto;" "Blessed Are the Pure in Heart;" "Cleopatra;" "Saint Christopher:" "Hagar and the Angel;" "Portia and Bassanio." GRAY, Horace (1828-1902). An American jurist, born in Boston, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1845, and at the Harvard Law School in 1849. After practicing law in Boston, he be- came in 1854 reporter to the Massachusetts Su- preme Court, in which position he remained until 1861, compiling and publishing sixteen volumes of Reports. From 1864 to 1873 he was an asso- ciate justice of the same court, and was Chief Justice from 1873 to 1882. In the latter year he was appointed by President Arthur an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the LInited States, to succeed Justice Clifford, and served until shortly before his death. GRAY, John Edward ( 1800-75) . An English naturalist. He was bom at Walsall, and was educated for the medical profession, and in 1821 he assisted his father in the preparation of his Ifatural Arrangement of British Plants. In 1824 he entered the British JIuseum as assistant in the natural history department, and in 1840 was appointed keeper of the zoiilogical collections. This important post he retained till his death, and the British Museum collections are a monu- ment of his persevering activity. The titles of his books and papers number more than five hun- dred. His "Catalce;ues" are not mere lists, but are enriched with synonyms and ample notes, whereby study of particular subjects is greatly promoted. Gray also assisted in the formation of some of the most prosperous scientific societies of London. He was a vice-president of the Zoological Society, assisted in the management of the British Museum, and served on the juries of the internaliunal cxhiliilions of 18.')1 and 1802. Gray's principal works are: Illuslralions of Indian /.oiiloijy (2 vols., 1832-34) ; The Knoicslcy .lrna(icrie (2 vols., 1846) ; Hpicilcgia Zoiilogiea, (1828-40); a Hi/nopsis of the Contents of Ihc British Museum (1860); Genera of Birds (1849) : and Catalopucs of various departments in tlie British Jhiseum. GRAY, Jon.x Purdue (1825-86). A distin- guished American alienist, born in Pennsylvania. He graduated at Dickinson College in 1840, studied medicine, and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. lie was assistant physician at the New York State Insane Asylum at Utica from 1851 to 1853; medical superintendent of the Jlichigan State Asylum, at Kalamazoo, from 1853 to 1854; and medical superintendent of the Utica .State Asy- lum. New York, from 1854 to 1886. He was instrumental in securing many improvements in the treatment of the insane, and introduced the use of the microscope in study of brain-tissue at the asylums. He edited the American Journal of Insanity from 1854 for many years, and was prominent in many public charities, such as orphanages, hospitals, and societies for the relief of the destitute. He published several articles and addresses. Shot by a lunatic in 1882, he never recovered from the effects of the attack. GRAY, Maxwell (pen-name of M. G. Tut- TiETT). An English novelist, born at Newport, Isle of Wight. She became known by The Silence of Dean Maitland (1886). Among her other popular novels are: In the Heart of the Storm, (1891); The Last Sentence (1893); A Costly Freak (1893); House of Hidden Treasure (1898) ; The World's Mercy (1900) ; and Four- Lea red Clover (1901). In 1899 appeared The Forest Chapel and Other Poems. GRAY, Robert (1757-1806). An American sailor and discoverer. He served as an officer in the American Navy during the Revolution, and at the close of the war entered the merchant marine. In 1787 he sailed from Boston as master of the sloop Washington, and under the command of Capt. .John Kendrick, of the ship Columbia, bound on a trading voyage to the northwest coast and to China. Kendrick decided to remain on the coast, so Gray took command of the Co- lumbia, and sailed for China with a cargo of furs. Thence he returned home by way of the Cape of Good Hope ( 1790) , the first to carry the American flag around the globe. According to Gen. A. W. Greely, Gray actually entered the Columbia River in August, 1788, during this voyage ; but however that may be, he did enter it on May 11, 1792, during a second voyage. It, was largely on this discovery that the United States based its claim to the Oregon coimtry. GRAY, Stephen (?-1736). An English elec- trician. He is described as a pensioner of the Charterhouse, but biographical details are ex- tremely meagre. His researches often went far afield, but he is credited with several interesting discoveries. He first divided substances into elec- trics and non-electrics, in accordance with whether they were or were not found to respond to frictional electricity. The division into con- ductors and non-conductors is also his, and he demonstrated that non-electrics could be made
