GREER. 258 chide: The Historical Christ; Moral Power of History (1890); Fr07n Thin(/s to God (1893); and The Preacher and Bis Place (1895). GREER, James Augustin (1833—). An Aiiieritan naval oliicer. bom in Cincinnati, Ohio. He entered the nav in 1848, and graduated as midshipman at Annapolis in 1855. In 18(31 he was serving; as a lieutenant on the San Jacinto when Mason and Slidell were seized aboard the Trent. During the naval camiiaigiis of 1863 he took part in the siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River expedition. In the follow- ing year he was stationed at the naval re- cruiting oliice in Cincinnati to correct abuses there, and during the winter of 1866-67 was for four months the protector of American interests at Acapulco, Mexico. He commanded the Tigress of the Polaris relief expedition in 1873. and was made captain in 1876. The Const Hut ion. Constel- lation, and Hartford were successively under his command. He served on various naval boards, was in command of the United States European Xaval Station from 1887 to 1889. and in 1892 was made a rear-admiral. He was retired in 1895. GREG, WiLUAM Rathboxe (1809-81). An English essayist. He was born in Manchester, was educated under Dr. Lant Carpenter and at the University of Edinburgh, and at first entered business, but after 1850 devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1856 he was appointed commissioner of customs, and later became comp- troller of the stationery office. His writings, chiefly on political and social topics, include the following: Creed of Christendom (1851) ; Essays on Political and Social Science (1853) ; Literary and Social Judgments (1869): Political Prob- lems (1870); Enigmas of Life (1872): Rocks Ahead (1874); Mistak-oi Aims and Attainable Ideals of the Working Classes (1876) ; and Mis- cellaneous Essays (1882). Consult a biograph- ical sketch in ]iorley. Critical Miscellanies (Lon- don. 1893). GREG'ARINE (from Neo-Lat. Gregarinus, from Lat. grcgariiis, pertaining to a herd, from grcx. herd). A parasitic protozoan of the group Sporozoa (q.v. ). GREGG, D.A.VID McMuETiE (1833—). An American soldier, born in Huntingdon. Pa. He studied for a time at the University of Lewisburg, graduated at West Point in 1855. and served in many Indian campaigns on the Western frontier until the outbreak of the Civil War. He was made colonel of the Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry Volunteers, took part in the Peninsular Cam- paign, and in 1862 was promoted to be brigadier- general of volunteers. Until August, 1864. he commanded various cavalry divisions of the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battle of Gettysburg, the Richmond campaign, and other important operations, and being brevetted major-general of volunteers for his distinguished conduct throughout the war. From August. 1864, until his resignation in 1865 he commanded all the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac. He was United States consul at Prague, Bohemia, from February to .Tune, 1874; succeeded General Hancock as commander of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Loyal Legion in 1886: and in 1891 was elected Auditor-General of the State. GREGOIRE. GREGG, JoH.N- Irvin (1826-92). An Ameri- can cavalrj- officer, born in Belleforte, Pa. He sened in the Mexican War. rising to the rank of captain in September, 1847. He entered the Civil War as captain in the Tliird Cavalry. Very soon afterwards he was transferred to the Sixth and later was made colonel of the Sixteenth Pennsyl- vania Cavalry. From April, 1863, to April, 1865, he connnanded a cavalry brigade in the Army of the Potomac, and fought in the battles of Gettys- burg and Cold Harbor. He was severely wovmded in the action at Deep Bottom and again at Cor- nelia Court-Hou.se. At the close of the war he was brevetted major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general in the Regular Army. In 1866 he was commissioned colonel of the Eighth Cav- alry, and in 1579 was retired. GREGG, William (1817-). A Canadian Presbyterian divine, born in Donegal, Ireland, of Scottish parents, and educated in Glasgow and Edinburgh universities. He came to Canada in 1846, and after taking several pastoral charges in Ontario entered Knox College, Toronto, in 1864 as lecturer, and was professor of apologetics until 1895. His few published works are of a religious nature. GREGOIR, gre-givar', Edouard Georges Jacqies (1822-90). A Belgian composer and au- thor, born at Turnhout. near Antwerp. After studying with Rummel he gave numerous piano- forte concerts, and made several tours (1842) with the violinists Maria and Teresa Milanollo. After 1850 he devoted himself to composition and literary work. His eight operas, produced either in Brussels or Antwerp, were relatively un- important : he is better known for his choruses, songs, and violin music: but his claim to remem- brance rests chiefly on his work as historian and biographer. His studies on the musical his- tory of Belgium and the Low Countries, his bio- graphical collections, and his researches in various fields of music lore are of enduring value. Among his numerous publications are: Histoire de I'orgue (1865), which contains biographical notes on Belgian and Dutch organists; Les ar- tistes-mnsiciens ncerlandais (1864); Lcs gloires dc I'opcra et la nuisif/ue a Paris (1880). in three volumes, embracing the period 1392-1750. His large library was left to the Antwerp Music School. He died at yneghem. GREGOIRE. gra'gwiir'. Henri (1750-1831). Constitutional Bishop of Blois. in France. He was born of poor (larents at Veho, near Liinfi- ville, December 4. 1750. He received his educa- tion from the .Jesuits at iletz and Nancy, and entered into orders. In 1788 he published Essai sur la regeneration cirile. morale et politique des Juifs. which attracted considerable notice and was crowned by the Academy of Metz. He had meanwhile become cure of Embermesnil. in Lor- raine, and at the election for the States-General in 1789 he was chosen one of the Deputies of the clergv'. An ardent democrat in all his views, he deserted his own class for the Third Estate, and immediately began to play a prominent part in the Revolution. He was one of those who ad- vised the secession of the Third Estate, and be- came one of the secretaries of the National As- sembly. He was one of the most enthusiastic advocates, on the night of August 4th, of the abolition of the privileges of the nobles and clergy. He also gave his support to the civil
