GREGOIRE. 259 GREGOBOVIUS. constitution of the clergj', and later accepted election as a constitutional bishop from the De- partment of Loirc-et-L'licr, lakijij; the title of Bishop of Blois, although tlic old Bishop (De The- niines) was still alive. In the Hebates of the Convention tjn'goire continued to be prominent as the representative of his diocese. He was an ardent advocate of the abolition of the kingship and the establishment of a republic. He favored the condemnation of Louis XVI., but sought, by proposing the .suspension of the death penalty, to save the life of the unfortunate monarch ; nor would he vote for his execution. Already, iu 1789, Grt'goire had figured as an advocate of ncgi'o emancipation, and in 1793 he further in- terested himself in behalf of the oppressed race, the result being that by a decree of February 4, 1794, slavery was abolished iu all the French possessions. After returning from an important diplomatic mission to Savoy in 1793, Gregoire acted on the Connnittee of Public Instruction, and devised measures for the protection and as far as possible the encouragement of art. science, and literature. On November 7, 1793. when Gobel, the recreant Bishop of Paris. renounce<l the Catholic religion and proclaimed the cult of Rea- son. Gregoire, who was pressed to do likewise, bravely refused. He showed liis tolerant s])irit by advocating the granting of full civil rights to Jews resident in France. Throughout the later phases of the Revolution, and under the Direc- tory, Gregoire continued to take part in public af- fairs; and to his activity are due many of the measures connected with the public organization of literature and science which still form a part of the French system of administration. After the 18th Brumaire he became a member of the Five Hundred, and in 1801 was raised to the Sen- ate. He opposed the proclamation of the Empire, and after the conclusion of the concordat between Pius VII. and Bonaparte he ceased to exercise his ecclesiastical functions. Although he was created a Count of the Empire and an officer of the Legion of Honor, Gregoire resisted every step toward the establishment of the absolute author- ity of Xapoleon, and in 1814 he was one of the first to pronounce against him. On the Restora- tion he was most earnest in demanding from Louis XVIII. the acceptance of the Constitu- tion. During the Hundred Days he attracted no notice ; but after the second return of the King he was excluded from the Senate, and. when chosen as a Deputy from the Department of IsSre. in 1819. his election was annulled. The last years of his life were spent in poverty and obscurity, for he had been expelled from the Institute and refused his pension as an ex- Senator. He died at Auteuil. May 28, 1831. un- reconciled to the Church, which refused him the last offices of religion. Gregoire was a voluminous writer on political and ecclesiastical subjects, among his most im- portant works being: Bistoirc des sectes reli- gieiises (1810), and Es.iai historique siir les libert^s de I'^glise ffnilicaiie (1818). For his life, consult: Carnot (editor), Mrmoires ecclcsias- fiqiief:, politiqiies ct littcrnires de Grerjoire (Paris, 1839) : Gregory, Orcrtoirr. the Priest and the Revohiticmist (Leipzig, 1S76) : Pressensf, L'ef/lise et In revolution frnncaise (Paris, 1864) ; Grazier, Etudps snr Vhistoire reUgieuse de la revolution franQnixe (Paris, 1887). GREG'ORAS, Xicephobus (c.1295-1359). A ])riest in L^>n^li^ntinople, who proposed a reforma- tion in the calendar by a plan which came very near exactness. He was a theological contro- versialist, was much involved in the disputes be- tween the Eastern and Western branches of the Church, and engaged in a dispute with Barlaam (q.v. ). He wrote a history of the Byzantine Empire from 1204 to 1359. It is published in Migne, Pntrolofiia (irwea. exlviii., cxlix. GREGO'BIAN CHANT. The ritual music of the early Cliristian Ihureh. as revised and introduced by Pope Gregory the Great. How much of a revolution he really uuule in the then existing Ambrosian forms is a disputed c[uestion. There can be. however, no doubt thal he I)egan certain needed reforms by the rejection of frivo- lous embellisliments and the establishment of the whole nuisical system on a more representa- tive basis. A full discussion of the develop- ment of mediaeval Church music will he found under Plaix Chaxt. See also Sacred Music; !M0DES. GREGORIATftrS. A Roman jurist of the third century. Little is known of his life except that he compiled the collection of laAvs known as the Codex Oregorianus, a work which, although transmitted to us in a very imperfect form, is said to have furnished the basis for the later Code of Justinian. Evidences of its value may be found in the frequent references to it by the later lawgivers of the Roman Empire. It was compiled probably abotit the close of the third century. GREGOROVIUS, greg-u-rO'vi-us, Fekdinaxd (1821-91). A Cierman historian and poet, born at Xeidenburg, East Prussia, and educated at Konigsberg. He began his travels in Italy in 1S52, and wrote in a novel and original manner the series Wnitderjahre in Italicn (1857-77). In 1880 he traveled in Greece, and in 1882 in Egj-pt, Syria, and Turkey; then lived alternately at Rome and Munich until his death in 1891. In the same vein as the M'andcrjnhre are: Corsica (3d ed. 1878: translated into English) ; Figuren: Geschichte. Lcben und Hcencrie aus Italien (1856); Sieiliana (1860): Lateinisehc Sommer (1830); Die Tnurl Capri (1868. 3d ed. 1897); ^'on Karenna his Montana (1871); and Ap't- lisclie Landschaften (1877). To an earlier ]ieriod belongs his poetical and critical work, inchuling: M'erdomar und Wladislaie (1845); Goethes Wilhelm ileister in seincn socialist ischen Elementen. a very valuable critique (1849) ; Die Polen- und Maggarenlleder (1849) : the tragedy Der Tod des Tiberius ( 1851) ; and the idyllic epic on Pompeii. Euphorion ( 6th ed. 1891 ) . To his his- torical works belong the Gcsc7i If A (c des riimischen Koisrrs Hadrian (1851: and revised, 1884. under the title Dcr Kaiser Hadrian ) , and the greatworks on mediicval Italy: Die Grubdcnkmiilcr der Piipste (2d ed. 1881). and the Geschichte der f^tadt Rom im Mittelnltcr (8 vols.. 1859-72: 4th ed. 1886-95). translated into English by Hamilton, from the fourth German edition, as Histor;/ of the Citti of Rome in the Middle Ages ( 1894-1900) . .
Italian translation appeared at Venice at the expense of the Roman nninicipality in 1874-76. The work is scholarly and original, and in matter and manner ranks as one of the greatest histori- cal studies of the century. Further studies in Roman history are: Lucrczia Borgia (3d ed.
