GBTJNEK. 320 GRUPPE. GRUNEB, groo'nOr, Justus von (1777-1820). A Pi'ussiau stiitesinan. He was born at Osna- briii-k, and was educated at Halle and GiJttingen. In 1S09 he was appointed president of the police department of Berlin, where lie introduced so ad- mirable an organization that two years later he was advanced to the command of the entire police force of Prussia. In this position he displayed great shrewdness in circumventing the French method of espionage at work throughout the king- dom. After the conclusion of the Prussian alli- ance with France. Gruner. who was an implacable enemy of Napoleon, tendered his resignation, and subsequently was intrusted in Prague with the organization of the national defense in Germany, planned by Baron von Stein. He was arrested in 1S12, by order of the Austrian Cabinet, which had determined on the measure in order to rescue him from capture at the hands of the secret police of France, who had traced his movements. In 1814 he was made Governor-General of Berg, and in the following year was appointed chief of the Ger- man police in Paris during the occupation of that city by the Allies. During the last four years of his life he was Prussian Ambassador to Switzer- land. As Governor-General of Berg and of the Middle Khine he organized the patriotic rising against Napoleon, issuing proclamations, and traveling from place to place in order to arouse the people. It was he also who succeeded, while chief of the German police in Paris, in obtaining the restoration of the art treasures seized by the French during their occupation of German terri- tory. GRTJNER, WiLHELM Heinrich Ludwig (1801- B2). A German line-engraver, bcrn in Dresden. He was a pupil of Klingen and Kriiger, in Dresden, and he also studied under Longhi and Anderloni in Jlilan. From 1837 till 1841 he re- Bided in Rome, where he engraved the "Mosaics of the Chigi Chapel." published in 1839. In 1842 he went to England, where he remained until he was called to be director of the Cabinet of Engraving in Dresden, in 1856. While in England he engraved "Decorations of the Garden Pavilion of Buckingham Palace" (1846). and "Specimens of Ornamental Art" (1850), ordered by the British Government. At the King's desire he also produced for the Berlin JIuseum a num- ber of Raphael's cartoons from the originals at Hampton Court. His sight being for a time afTected. he devoted himself to fresco painting, and he had a share in the decoration of the Crys; tal Pal.aee in London, and in the decorations of Osborne Castle and Biickingham Palace. Gruner remained m Dresden until his death. Yhile there he published a series on the Cathedral of Onielo (Leipzig. 1858) ; Lvini's Decorations of fianta Maria (Telle Gra:::ie, Milan (London. 1859- 60) : and his Terra-Cotta Architecture of Xorth- ern Ital;/ (1867). He also engraved a number of sneeial plates, especially after Raphael and Overheck. GRTJNERT, groH'nert, Jx-Lirs TnEonoR ( 1809- 89). A German forester, born and educated at Halle. He was appointed assessor of forests for the Prussian Government at Konigsberg in 1839, and thereafter held important positions under the Government at Danzig and other cities of Prussia, and was also for a time director of the Academy of Forestry at Eberswalde. His last appointment was at Treves, where he was chief forester from 1806 until his retirement in 1878. He was founder and editor of the ForstUche liliit- tcr (established 1861), and wrote the works en- titled: Der pri:ussiticlw Fijrster (2d ed. 1883); Forstlchre (4th ed. 1884) ; and Die Jagdgesetz- (jehunrj Prcuxarns (1885). GRTJNEWALD, gru'ne-valt, Matthias ( ?- c. 1.529). A tlerman painter, born at Aschaffen- burg. He sjient most of his life at Mainz, but very little is kno-n of his personal his- tory. The treatment of his figures is broader and more expressive, and at the same time softer and of riciier color, than anything that had hitherto been attempted; and he ranks among the first of German painters. His works were for a long time confounded with those of Cranach. The most important of them is an altarpiece from Isenheim (now in the Colmar Jluseura) ; it represents the Madonna and Child with angel musicians (centre picture), the Resurrection and Annunciation, and scenes from the life of Saint Anthony. Other works are: the wings Of an altar- piece — Saint Lawrence and Saint Cyriacus — in the Frankfort Jluseum; "The Conversion of Saint Maurice." in the old Pinakothek, Munich ; and an altarpiece owned by Queen Victoria is also attributed to him. GRXiNHAGEN, grun'ha-girn, Kolm.^r (1828 — ) . A German historian, born near Breslau, and educated at ,Jona, Berlin, and Breslau, where in 1855 he was made docent in history, and eleven years later professor. He edited the Zeit- schrift des Vereins fiir Gescliichte und Altertum Schlesiens (1862 et .seq.), and was long head of the governmental archives in Breslau. He wrote much on the history of Silesia : Breslau vnter den Piasten. als deutsches Gemeinicescn (1861) ; Friedrich der Grosse iind die lireslauer, n'lO-Jil (1864); Die Hiissifen-Kampfe der Schlesier (1872); Geschichte Schlesiens (1884-86); and Schlesien untcr Friedrich dem Grossen (1890- 92). Griinhagen published many valuable docu- ments, especially from the Middle Ages, bearing on the history of the province. GRtfNINGER, gni'nlng-er, Joiiann, also known as Joiiann Reinhart von Gruningen (c.1450-?). A German printer. He became a master in Basel in 1480. and in 1482 was made a burgher of Strassburg. where between 1483 and 1529 he printed about 250 works, many of them illustrated with wood engravings, but full of errors. At the beginning of the Reformation in Strassburg he published a number of Catholic polemic treatises. GRUNT. A name commonly used by fisher- men for various species of the drum (q.v. ), espe- cially the fresh-water apeciesi Haplodinot us grun- nicns). It refers, like 'croaker' and other names, to the vibratory 'grunting* sounds made by these fishes. GRUPPE, groop'pe. Otto Friedrich (1804- 76). A German scholar and author, born at Danzig, and educated at Berlin. His opposition to the then prevailing Hegelian philosophy was so strong that he was not allowed to qual- ify as a docent. He became a journalist, wrote for the Preussische Staatszeitung. and became its editor in 1835. Seven years later he was appointed to a position in the Ministry of Edu- cation, and in 1S44 lie became professor of the pliilosophie faculty in Berlin. His philosophic
