GRUPPE. 321 GRYPHiEA. work is contained in Axtiius (1831), Wriidr- ptinkt dcr I'hilosophie tin HI. ■lahrliuiKhrt (1834), !>nd Ocgeincart vnd Zukunjt iter I'hilusujthic in Deutschlaiid (ISoo), all aiiti-Huyelian. He was a classical scholar of much ability, and wrote: Die 'kosmischen (<t/stemc der (Iritclirn (IS.tI); Ariudne, on Greek tragedy (1834) ; the valuable work Die romisclie Elegie (1838); and Minos (1850) and Acacns (1872), in which he discussed interpolation in the Roman poets of the Augustan •Age. His other works include: the epic jxienis Konigin Bertha (1848), Thcudeliiidr (184n), Kaiser Karl (18.52), Firdusi (1850), Biith, Tobias, Salnmith (2d ed. 185!l). and yaterliin- dische (Icdichte (1866-07) ; the drama Otttt ran Witfelsbaeh (1861) and a continuation of Schil- ler's Demetrius (1861): the anthologies Der deutschc Dichtcnoeild (1849), Sagen und Ge- scliiehten des deutschen Yolks aiis dem Mund seiner Dichier (1854); and the critical work Leben and Werke deiitscher Dichter (2d cd. 1872). GRUPPETTO, grUo-pet't6 (It., little group, diniiiiutive uf gruppo, group). In music, a terra signifying that kind of embellishment called the turn. (See Gkace Notes.) It may also be ap- plied to a group of grace notes in general. GRUSCHA, groo'sha, A>'ton Jo-seph (1820 — ). A Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Vienna, and in 1843 was made a priest. In 1851 he was appointed professor of religion in, the Tlieresianum, and in 1855 preacher in the Cathe- dral of Saint Stephen in Vienna. After that his rii^e was rapid, and he was ai)pointed in succes- sion to the offices of Privy Chamberlain of the Pope (1858); professor in the University of Vienna. (1863); Canon of Saint Stephen's (1871) ; Apostolic Field Vicar of the Army, and Bishop of Karrha in partibus (1878); Arch- bishop of Vienna (1800); and cardinal (1891). He has contriljuted frequently to Catholic period- icals, and published a Handbuch der katholischen Keligionslehre fiir hohere Lehratistalten (1851). GRTJ'SIA, See Georgia. GRTJSIN'IAN. A name used by some eth- nologists to designate the Georgian peoples of the Caucasus. It is derived from Grusia, the Russian name of Georgia. GRUSON, groo'z6n, Herm.4NN (1821-95). A German inventor and iron-master, born at Magde- burg, and educated at Berlin. After working in the Bnrsig locomotive works he was nieclianic on the Berlin-Hamburg road (1845) ; then was chief engineer of the Wuhlert machine shop in Berlin, and in 1855, after serving as manager of a steamship company at Buckau, set up a ship- yard of his own and an iron foundry'. The result of his experiments here was the invention of a process for chilled cast iron (see Armor Plate), which found many uses in industrial machinery, as well as ior armor and shells. The metal, some- times called 'Gruson metal,' is used also in the manufacture of the Gruson rapid-fire gun and the Gruson anchor. In 1886 his establishment was incorporated with Gruson as manager. He retired in 1891, and in 1803 the works were bought by the firm of Krupp (q.v.). Gruson wrote studies in physics luider the title, Iin liciche des Liehts (2d ed. 1895). GRUTER, grn'ter. or GRtTYTERE, gri.i-e- tar', Jan (1500-1627). A Belgian classical scholar, born at Antwerp, After studying at the universities of Cambridge and Leyden, he held various professorships until 1592, when he was made professor of history at the University of Heidelberg. In 1002 he became lil)rarian of Heidelberg, but during the siege by Tilly in 1622 the valuable Palatine collection of books, of which he was keeper, was sent to Rome, to- gether with his own private library. He pub- lished editions of many of the Latin classics, but is remembered chiellj' for his J^anipas sire Fax Artium Libcralium (1602-34), a collection of the best critical and antiquarian treatises of the sixteenth centur.y, and his masterpiece, Inscrip- tiones Anliquee. Totius Orbis liomnnorum (1003; edited by Gudius, Gnivius, and Burmann, 4 vols., 1707), to which Joseph Scaliger (1.540-1009) wrote a valuable index. Consult Hulst, Jean Oruytcre (LiSge. 1847). GRUTLI, grut'le, or RUTLI. A meadow in the Canton of Uri, Switzerland, occupying the western shore of the Lake of Uri, the southern portion of the Lake of Lucerne (Jlap: Swit- zerland, C 2). It is regarded as the cradle of Swiss liberty, tradition designating it as the place where in Xovember, 1307, Arnold nf Melch- tlial, Fiirst, and Staufl'acher planned the revolt against Austria which resulted in the inde- pendence of Switzerland. The tract was pur- chased in 1859 by the school-children of Swit- zerland to be preserved as national property. A monument commemorating the event was erected there in 1884. GRtJTZNER, gnits'ner, Eduard (1846—). A German painter, born at Gross-Karlowitz. He w-as a pui)il at the Munich Academy, and after- wards of Piloty. He is princijially known through his pictures of scenes from Shakespeare, and his humorous genre subjects from monastic life. The latter include: "In the Convent Cellar;" '"Testing Wine;" "Convent Brewen;" "Capuchin Mending His Cowl:" and "Monastic Hospitality." His Shakespeare studies include: "Falstaff at the Inn" (1800) ; "FalstafT and His Companions in the Wood" (1870) ; "Scene from .Is You Like It:" and "Scene from The Merry irircs." GRTJYERES, gru'yar'. A town of Switzer- land, situated 16 miles southwest of Fribourg (Map; Switzerland, B 2). It has an old castle of the former counts of Gruy&res. and is a centre for the celebrated Gruv&re or Swiss cheese. Population, in 1000, 137.5. GRTJYTERE, gni-f>tar', Jan. See Gruter. GRYX'LID.a; (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat, gryllus, grillus, cricket). A family of insects of the order Orthoptera, including those forms known as crickets. It comprises three distinct groups, the true cricket.s, typified by the common field-cricket, the tree-crickets, and the mole- crickets. See Cricket. GRYPH.a;'A (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. grgphus, grgps, Gk. tpi>p, griffin, from ypinrb^, grgpos, hook-nosed). A pelecypod genus of tlie family Ostreidfc, found fossil m. and very characteristic of, Mesozoic rocks. The shell has little resem- blance in form to the majority of pelecypods, for it is very unsymmetrical. the left valve being much enlarged and strongly arcuate with under- turned beak, while the right valve is small, flat, and lid-like. The best-known species are Gryphipa arcuata of the European Lias, and Gryphtea vcsicularis of the Cretaceous of both Nortli Amer-
