GUIZOT. 863 GUJABAT. GUIZOT, Fban^ois Pierre Guillaume (1787- 1S74). A distinguished Kieiicli historian and statesman, burn at Xinies, October 4, 1787, of Protestant parents. His father was an advo- cate of liberal views, was guillotined during the Eeign of Terror (April 8, 1794), and his mother soon afterwards went with her two sons to (Jene- va, where young Guizot received his edu('ation. In 1805 lie went to Paris to study law. but in- stead devoted himself to literature. His first work, the AowreoH dictionniiirc unirvrscl dcs sjiiiiiin/mcs dc la Iniiffiic fraii<;aisc, appeared in 18(11), and was quickly followed by an essay on the fine arts and a translation of Gibbon. In 1812 lie married Mile, de Meulan, who was the editor of Le Publiciste, and fourteen years his senior. In the same year he became a professor of liistorv at the Sorbonne. After the Restora- tion lie became general secretary in the Ministry of the Interior, and subsequently secretary in the Ministry of Justice. Guizot contributed to the dissolution of the Chambre Introuvable (q.v.) by a memorial which was placed in the liands of Louis XVIII. bj' Decazes. The latter committed to him the general direction of the administration of the communes and departments (1819). At tliis time he attached himself to the Constitu- tional Party, whose leaders were subsequently kno%ni as doctrinaires (q.v.), expounding its principles in his essay, Dcs moyens de gouverne- iitcnt et d'oppositio)i dans I't'tat actuel de la France (1821). In 1821-22 he published his His- toire dcs oriffines dit, poiivcrnvment representatif, containing his lectures at the Sorbonne. Owing to his attacks on the Vill6!e Ministry, Guizot lost his official position, and for a number of years devoted himself to literary work. His Histoire de la revolution d'Angleterre appeared in 1827, and he edited the EncyclopMie Progressive and the Revue Franeaise, which he' established in 1828. His first wife having died ( 1827) , he mar- ried her niece. In 1829 the Martignac Ministry granted liim permission to resume his lectures on history. They were attended by large and enthusiastic audiences, and gave rise to several historical works of great value, published under the collective titles of Coiirs d'histoire moderne (1828-30), which included the nistoire de la cimlisatioH en France, and the Histoire generale de la cimlisation en Europe. In January, 18.30, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from Lisieux, and sided with the opposition, vigor- ously attacking the Polignac jlinistry. After acting as Jlinistcr of Education in the Provi- sional Government which succeeded the over- throw of the Bourbons, he was made jNIiiiistcr of the Interior (August 11, 1'830), but resigned in November. He was Minister of Public Instruc- tion in the Cabinet formed by Soult in 1832, and lield that position, with a brief interval, until 1837. In this capacity he did much for the im- provement of educational institutions, particu- larly for the primaiy schools. During the Ori- ental crisis of 1840 arising from the ambitions of Meheraet Ali (q.v.) of Egypt, Guizot was sent as Ambassador to London, where lie met with a cordial reception, and returned to France in Octolier of the same year, on the resignation of the Thiers Ministry, to become Jlinister of For- eign Affairs and the chief of Louis Philippe's supporters, as the virtual head of the Soult Min- istry. After Soult's retirement, in September, Vol. IX —24. 1847, he became the ollicial liead of the Cabinet, wliich, liowever, although Guizot liy liis conduct, both in home and foreign atl'airs, had done all tliat was possible to make constitutional govern- ment a success in France, could not inucli longer retain its hold upon the people. Tlic policy of peace at any price and the suppression of the republican spirit caused its final overthrow and the fall of the July Monarchy, Feliruary 23-24, 1848. As a statesman (Juizot provcil jiim- self stiff and obdurate; from these (lualities, as well as from his cold and austere man- ner, he was always unpopular with the masses. Guizot escaped from Paris to London. In April, 1849, he publislied a circular in which he offered Ills services to the electors of France. He re- turned to France in November, 1849, but was de- feated as a candidate for the Chamber. The coup d'etat of December 2, 1851, put an end to his political career. The rest of his life was passed in retirement, and was devoted to liis- torical and literarv work. He lived to see many changes in France, and died, at the age of eighty- seven, at his villa in Val-Richer, September 13, 1874. By founding the Comitcs historiques, by bringing about the publication of important his- torical documents, and by liis own writings and lectures, Guizot did much for historical study in France. A work on Washington, published under the title T'l'e, correspondance et ecrits de Washington (Paris, 1839-40), procured him the honor of having his portrait placed in the Cham- ber of Representatives at Washington. Of Gui- zot's numerous works the most iiii]iortant, in addition to those already mentioned, are: De la democratie en France (1849); Etudes hiogra- phiques sur la revolution d'Angleterre (1851); Etudes sur les beaux-arts (1851); Corneille et son temps (1852); Shakespeare et son temps (1852) ; Histoire de la republique d'Angle- terre et d'Oliver Cromwell (1854) ; L'amour A/h.9 le mariage (1855); Histoire parlementaire de France (1863); Meditations sur la religion chritienne dans ses rapports avec V(tat aetuel des sociHes (1865-68); Melanges biogra phiques et litteraires (1868); Melanges politiques et historiques (1869). For the life of Guizot, the most valuable materials are his own Mem aires pour servir a Vhistoire de mon temps (Paris, 1858-65; Eng. trans. London, 1858-62) ; Madame de Witt (Guizot's daughter). Monsieur Gni::ot dans sa famille et avec ses amis (Paris, ISSO; Eng. trans. London, 1880) ; Simon, Thiers, f!ui:ot, Remusat (Paris, 1885) ; Bardoux, "Guizot," in Les grands 6crivavns frangais (Paris, 1894) ; Crozals, "Guizot," in Classiques populaires (Paris, 1891) ; Wilson, "M. Guizot and His Mem- oirs," in Studies in Modern Mind and Character (London, 1881); Mazade, Portraits d'histoire morale et politique du temps (Paris, l!?T5). GUJARAT, goo'zhft-rUt'. A geographical divi- sion of India, extending along the northnn sea- board of the Province of Bombay (]Iap: India, B 4). It comprises the Kathiawar Peninsula, and. on the mainland, Baroda (the dominion of Gaekwar) and other native States. It is bound- ed on the north by Eajputana and on the south by Concan. The Vindhya and Satpura moun- tains extend into the region from the east. Area. 41,536 square miles; population, over 11.000.000. The surface generally is level and monotonous. The chief rivers are the Ner-
