GUJAKAT. 364 GULF STKEAM. budda and Tapti. The products are cotton, ricf, wheat, barle_v, maize, tobacco, sugar, opium, and fruits. The name Gujarat is frequently ap- plied to the British Northern Division of Bom- bay, which comprises the districts of Ahmadabad, Kaira, Panch ilahals. Broach, Surat, and Tanna. Area. 13,710 square mile.s; population, in 1801, 3,918,100; in 11)01, 3,510,200. GUJARATI (LfUn'zha-rii'te) LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. The language uf Gu- jarat in Western India, which is spoken by al- most 11.000.000 persons. It is derived, through the mediaeval vernaculars called Prakrit, espe- cially the SaurasenI, Apabhraiusa, from ancient dialects closely akin to Sanskrit. It contains many words borrowed from Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian. Its alphabet is a modihcation of the ancient Devanajiari script of the Sanskrit, with the bar above the letters omitted. Gujarati literature is abundant and of fair character. It begins with Narsingh ilehta in the fifteenth century, who composed short poems on religious subjects. Other poets of note were Vishnu Das. Shiv Das, and Sanial Bhatt. Consult: Taylor, titudcnt's (Injnriiti Grammar (London, 181)5); Bengali and ilerchant, Xcio Pocket Gujarati into Ent/lisli Dictionary (Bora- bay, 1890) ; Blumhardt. Cataloyue of Maruthi and Gujarati Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum (London, 1802) ; Tripi'ithi, Clas- sical Poets of Gujarat ( Pxiniliay. 1S1I4I. GULBAR'GA. KULBAR'GA, or CALBUR'- GA. A town of Hyderabad, India, 110 miles west of Hyderabad by rail (.Map: India. C 5). It stands on a minor affluent of the Kistna. and has been successively the capital of Hindu and Mohanuiiedan sovereignties. The town's ancient prosperity is reviving, modern buildings, public offices, barracks, a fine bazar, a model jail, and ornamental gardens relieving the archaic aspect of numerous mosques and tombs. The chief fea- ture of interest is the fort containing the cita- del and a unique mosque built in the thirteenth century after the design of the great Cordova mosque in Spain. Population, in 1801, 28,200; in 1001, 20.228. GULDBERG, gruTl'berg. OvE Hoegh (1731- 1808). A Danish statesman and author, born at Horsens. He became preceptor of Crown Prince Frederick, the son of Christian VII.. and managed the coup d'etat that overthrew Queen Caroline and Struensee. By this means he be- came secretary of the Cabinet (1773) and Secre- tary of State (177f)). Under his leadership the country gained in importance and power. When the King reached his majoritv (1784). Guldberg -n-as sent to Aarhus as Grand Bailiff ( 1784-1802) . He wrote a valuable Universal History and some theological works. GULDEN, goiJl'dcn. See Flokin-. GULES, gulz (from OF., Fr. yueules, red, from OF. fiole, yoiile. Fr. yueule, throat, from Lat. (lula. throat). The name for the color red in heraldry (q.v.). GULF OF CAR'PENTA'RIA. See Carpen- taria. Gt'i.f of. GULF STREAM. The most important and best-known current in the Atlantic Ocean, de- riving its name from the (Julf of Mevicn. oit of which it flo-,vs between the coast of Florida on the west and the Bahamas on the east. Its breadth in the narrowest portion is about 50 miles, and its depth about 2000 feet ; the velocity averages between two and three miles per hour, reaching an extreme of live or six miles in some localities. This great mass of warm water, having a temperature several degrees higher than the neighboring ocean. Hows northeastwardly along the American coast, but can no longer be distinguished fi'oin the rest of the ocean drift by either temperature. saltness, color, or motion, after it has passed latitude 40" N. and the meridian 00° W. As it passes the thirty-.second parallel between the Bermudas and the coast of Carolina it is divided into several small streams of about 100 fathoms deep and aggregating 150 miles wide. North of this region the increasing westerly winds so break up the surface and mix the waters that it is improper to speak of the Gulf Stream as having any further existence: since it becomes the general drift of warm water from the southwestern Atlantic northeastward to Europe, which is a general phenomenon that has little or nothing to do with the special Gulf Stream, properly so called. By means of floating derelicts, bottles, and buoys, the general drift of the ocean surface cur- rents has been studied with great care. This drift is seen to depend wholly on the wind, and may trend to the northeast or southeast as the winds and storms vary. The majority of the der- elicts in the Atlantic Ocean circulate around the Sea of Sargasso, but occasionally one penetrates directly through it. Very rarely does a derelict make its way from America to the European coast. Where the western edge of the so-called Gulf Stream passes by and intermingles with the cold northerly drift, close to the coasts of New- foundland and New England, banks of fog are formed; but these are not the fogs that trouble navigation. The latter are due to the flow of warm southwest winds over the cold ocean water, and therefore depend for their existence on the wind rather than on the Gulf Stream. It is a common error to attribute the warmth of Europe, as compared with the cold in America in the same latitude., to the influence of the Gulf Stream ; meteorology shows that the southwest winds of Europe, bringing moisture frcmi the ocean, are not appreciably affected by the Gulf Stream. On the other hand, this deep layer of moist southwest wind contains far more latent heat than the same quantity of dry air at the same temperature ; and it is the evolution of latent heat by this moist air in the formation of fog. cloud, and rain that raises the temperature of the atmosphere over Europe, and prevents loss of heat by radiation. Precisely the same phe- nomenon is found on the leeward side of each of the Great Lakes, and of the Mediterranean Sea. the Baltic, and probably every other large sheet of water. The mechanical cause of the Gulf Stream has been clearly expounded by William Ferrel. It is not caused wholly by the winds. The steady northwest trade winds are not strong enough to raise any considerable mass of water in front of them. Hurricane winds may raise the level several feet temporarily, but the trade winds scarcely an inch. The accurate levelings of the Coast and Geodetic Survey have shown that there is no appreciable difference of level between the water in the CJulf of ilexico and that of the Atlantic on the opposite coast of Florida. The
