HADING. 433 HADLEY. America, as well as in the United States, where she became best known by her tours with Coque- liii in 1888 and 1894. HAD'ITH (Ai. hodith, tradition, from hada- tha, to occur). The general designation in Ara- bic for a story or tradition, but more specifically applied to the traditions about Mohammed, the prophet's sayings and doings, which, as a com- plement to the Koran, form, together with it, the supreme authority for all religious and legal questions of the Mohammedans. Originally the traditions were transmitted orally; but the dan- ger of their being entirely forgotten gradually led to their being written down in the first centuries after Jlohammed. The earlier collec- tions, however, possess only individual authority, and make no claim to systematic arrangement or comprehensiveness. Such collections are known as musnads, 'genealogical chains.' from the fact that each tradition is traced back to its ultimate authoritative source. Eight of such musnad col- led ions are known to us. though many more were produced. The higher class of .Hadith literature, however, is represented by collections termed ntusnnnat, 'systematized.' in which the traditions are divided according to subjects and treated with reference to their ritualistic, his- torical, and ethical import. The attempt is made to carry each utterance of the prophet back from one source to the other, until a contemporary of Mohauimed is reached, and if the chain is com- plete the tr.aiiitinn is considered to be of the first class; the value of the defective traditions varies again according to the number of links missing, and the names of those who have trans- mitted the traditions. It will be seen that in this way the door is opened for almost endless variety of opinions as to the exact value of this or that tradition. The principal and most au- thoritative collections of traditions are those of Bokhari. Moslim, Abu Daud. Tirmidi, Nasa'i, and Maja. Of these again, which were all produced in the ninth century, the most important code is Ihe ftfiliih of Bokhari (810-870). «ho, il is said, spent sixteen years of his life in traveling through the length and breadth of the land for the pur- pose of collecting such traditions, and who sin- gled out. from a number of 00.000. about 7270. as alone genuine. Besides numerous editions pub- lished within the last fifty years in the Orient, a standard European edition of the iSo/ii/t was published by the later Professor Krehl. Le rveiiril des traditions musnlmanes. par . . . al-Bo- Ihnri (Leydcn, 1862-08). The six authoritative Hadith collections are far from exhausting the Hadith literature. Every generation, almost, pro- duced collections of traditions aiming to fill out gaps or to determine the value of traditions. In this way an enormous Hadith literature grew up which is fully discussed by Goldziher, in his Mohiimmedrniifsche Stiidien, vol. ii. (Halle. 1S90). See SrNN.; MOHAMMEDANISM; Koran. HADJEMIS, h.'ij'j-miz. A name applied to the Iranian population of that part of Persia be- tween Ispahan and Teheran, including also the Talych and Mazandarani of the shores of the Caspian. In stature they are generally above the average; their head form is dolichocejjhalic. or tends to be such. See Persia, section Ethiwloyy. HAD'LEY. A town, including several villages, in Hamoshire County. Mass.. three miles north- east of Northampton ; on the Connecticut River, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Ma]*: Massachusetts, B 3). It is in an agricultural region, and has two public libraries. The gov- ernment is administered by town meetings. Popu- lation, in 1890, 1669; in 1900, 1789. Settled as Norwottock in 1659, Hadley was incorporated under its present name (from Ilailley. Kugland) in 1661. The regicides Goffe and Whalley were concealed here for some years after l(i(i4 ; and there is a tradition that in 167.5 the former sud- denly appeared, put himself at the head of the ]ieop1e, and saved the town from an liulian at- tack. Consult Judd, Historij of Uadlcy (North- ampton, 186.3). HADLEY, Arthur Twining (1850--). An American educator, who became president of Yale University in 1899. He was born at New Haven. Conn., the son of Prof. James Hadley. He graduated at Yale in 1876, and pursued ad- vanced studies at Yale and Berlin. In 1879-8.3 he was tutor in Y^ale College. He was university lecturer on railroad transportation from 1883 to 1886 ; commissioner of labor statistics for Con- necticut from 1885 to 1887; professor of political science at Yale l^niversity, 1S86-98; and in 1899 was made president. He was ])resident of the American Economic Association, 1897-99. In 1885 he published Railroad Transportation: Its History and Its Laivs, which at once gained him the position of an authority on the subject; it was translated into Russian in 1886, and into French in 1887. In the same year he was summoned as expert witness before the Cul- lom State Committee, which drafted tlie In- terstate Commerce Law. He also published: Report cm the Labor Question (1885) ; Report on the System of Weekly Payments (1886); Eco- nomics (1896) ; Education of the American Citi- zen (1901). He contributed numerous essays on political and economic subjects to scientific and popular periodicals, and is the author of the articles on transportation in Lalor's Cyclopaedia of Political Science. President Hadley's writings place him in the first rank among American economists. HADLEY, Henry K. (1871—). An Ameri- can composer, born at Somerville, Mass. In Boston he studied with George W. Chadwick and Stephen A. Emery, but subsequently completed his musical education in Vienna. Upon his re- turn to America in 1895 he was appointed in- structor of music at Saint Paul's School, Garden City, Long Island. Previous to that, Damrosch's orchestra had performed Hadley's concert over- ture. Hector and Andromache, and in 1897 his Symphony of Youth and Life was performed by the New York Philharmonic Society, under Seidl's direction. On December -20. 1901, the same or- ganization gave the first perforniaiioe of a second symphony. The Four Seasons, which had received the prizes oflfered by the New England Conserva- tory of Music and the Paderewski Fund. In addition, his works include orchestral suites, vocal pieces for solo and chorus, instnnnental trios, quartets, etc.. and numerous songs, which are among the very best of their class. HADLEY, .Tames (1821-72). A distingiiished linguist and classical scholar, born at Fairfield. N. Y. An accident in boyhood made him hope lessly lame, and deprived him of all hope of an active, life. He graduated from Yale College, first in his class, in 1842, and in 1844 he was
