HADLEY. 434 HADBIAN. made tutor in Middlebury College (Vermont). In the following year he was appointed tutor at Yale, and in 1848 became assistant professor of Greek. In 1851 he was elected professor to sue- . ceed Dr. 'oolsey, and continued to hold this office until his death. Although he had taken a theo- logical course at New Haven immediately after graduation. Professor Hadley devoted himself to the study of languages. He was very efficient as a teacher, and became one of the most emi- nent linguists of his time. In addition to Greek, he was familiar with Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Latin, Gothic, Armenian, Gaelic, Swedish, and the principal modern languages. He was also well versed in early English, and was the author of The Historij of the Entilish Language in the introduction to the earlier editions of Webster's Dictionary. He published a Greek Grammar (IStiO). based on tluit of Curtius. which, as re- vised by Prof. F. D. Allen, of Harvard Uni- versity (1884), has maintained a place with that of Goodwin as standard in American schools and colleges. An Essay on the Greek Accent was lepublished in Curtius, Stjidien sir griechischen find liiteiiiisehen Grammalik. Ex-President Wool- sey edited a posthumous volume of his lectures on Roman T,aw in 1873, and in the same year Prof. W. D. Whitney edited a second volume of twenty Philological and Critical Essays. — His brother Hexry II. Hapley was a professor of He- brew in Union Theological Seminary, and his son Artiu R is president of Yale University. HADLEY, JoHM (1682- 174,3). An English matliematician and physicist. He became a fel- low of the Royal Society in 1717, a member of its council in 1726, and its vice-president in 1728. Although showing considerable power in higher mathematics, as evidenced in some of his astro- nomical papers, it is by his improvements in the reflecting telescope (1710-20) that he is best known. By means of the improved instrument Hadley and his friend Bradley were able to make important discoveries relative to the satel- lites of Jupiter and Saturn. He also suggested (1730) a valuable improvement to the quadrant. See Godfrey. Thomas. HADRAMATTT, ha'dra-m.it'. A region of Southern Arabia, along the Gulf of Aden, between JIahra on the east and Y'emen on the west (Map: Turkey in Asia. R 12). Its area is about 100,000 square miles. The coast rises in terraces, which are succeeded by the moimtainous border of a tableland. This strip of mountains attains 8000 feet. The tableland behind slopes to the north, and finally disap- pears in the great desert of the interior. Hadra- maut is mostly barren. In its valleys, of which the Wadi Doan is the best knovTi. the veget.ition is often very luxuriant, and a number of impor- tant communities are found. The population is estimated at .500.000. and includes- a race of Bedouins. The chief towns are Terim and Shibam, in the interior, and !Makalla, a port. A part of the coimtry is under the protection of England. HATDRIAN (Pi-BLirs .^Lirs HAnRiAjjus) (76-138). A Roman Emperor (A.D. 117-138) . He was born in Rome. .January 24, a.d. 76. Dur- ing the reign of Trajan, who wa.s his guard- ian, and with whom he was connected by maoriage. he fillp«i several high oflices in the State. He accompanied the Emperor in his wars against Decebalus, where he distinguished himself by his bravery; and in 117, when Trajan set out on his return to Italy from the East, he was left behind with the army as Gov- ernor of the Province of Syria. When the intelli- gence reached Antioch that Trajan had died in Cilicia on his journey home, Hadrian was pro- claimed Emperor by the army (August 11, a.d. 117). The state of the Empire at the time was extremely critical. Insurrections had broken out in Egypt, Palestine, and Syria ; Moesia in the east and Mauritania in the west were both in- vaded by barbarian hordes, while the Parthians had once more defied the Roman power and won several successes over the Imperial forces. Ha- drian, perceiving the advantage of a peaceful pol- icy, wisely resolved to limit the boundaries of the Roman dominion in the East, and concluded a peace with the Parthians. surrendering to them all the country beyond the Euphrates. In 118 he returned to Rome, established his authority by liberality toward the people, and suppressed with great severity a patrician conspiracy against his life. The Roxolani. who had made an inroad into McEsia, were by large gifts induced to retire. In the year 119 he set out on his long travels, visit- ing Gaul, Germany, Britain (where he built the famous wall extending from the Solway to the Tyne), Spain, Mauritania, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece, whence he returned to Rome a.d. 126 or 127, and received the title of pater pntrice, after which he resumed his travels through the Empire, He spent the years 132 and 133 in Athens, for which city he had a great predilec- tion. At this time occurred the great rising of the Jews under Bar-Cochba (q.v. ). After once more visiting Syria Hadrian returned to Italy, and spent the last years of his life at Rome and Tibur (Tivoli). During the severe illness which carried him off, July 10, 138, at Baiae, he was subject to violent outbursts of cruelty, to which, as well as to jealousy and pleasure, he was naturally addicted. After the death of Lu- cius Ceionius Commodus, whom he had adopted under the name of Lucius .^-^lius Verus, he ap- pointed Titus Aurelius (afterwards the Emperor -Antoninus Pius) his successor. During his reign the army was vigorously disciplined and re- organized, while as a civil ruler he merits high praise for the just and comprehensive view he appears to have taken of his duties as a sover- eign. To him is attributed, more than to any other, the consolidation of the monarchical sys- tem of Rome. Hadrian divided Italy into four districts, in charge of men of consular rank, to whom he intrusted the administration of jus- tice. He erected numerous splendid edifices, the chief of which were, in Rome, the Temple of Venus and Rome, the mausoleum called the Holes Hadrian! (now called Castel Sant' Angelo). the .Elian Bridge leading to it, and the magnifi- cent villa at Tiinir. He likewise laid the founda- tions of .several cities, the most important of which was Hadrianopolis (.Adrianople) . Hadrian wa.= a lover of fine arts, of poetry, philosophy, and rhetoric. HA'DBIAN, Arch of. A well-preserved triumphal arch at Athens, southeast of the Acropolis. It was built either by Hadrian or by his sHcces^r, and divided the ancient city of Theseus from Hadrianopolis. the new city of Hadrian. The arch is 59 feet in height and 44
