HAHN. 446 HAHNEMANN. neither he nor they became separatists. In 1782 he traveled to Switzerland and met Lavater, Pfenninger, and Jung-Stilling. Unlike most of the visionaries of his country, Hahn held that regeneration was a slow growth. His views were largely tinged with the teachings of Bohnie and of Oetinger. He held the belief in a double fall of man; the mystic belief that the work of Christ is not merely for, but within man ; and the millennial view of the second advent, and of the final beatitude of all souls, even of the fallen angels. His works were published post- humously at Tubingen (1819 sqq. ). Consult: Palmer, Die Ocmelnsvhaften unci Sekleii Wiirl- temherps (Freiburg, 1877) ; and Staudenmeyer, Michael Hahn (Wilferdingen, 1893). HAHN, LuDWio (1820-88). A German his- torian, born at Breslau, and educated there and at Berlin. After several years of service as school officer at Stralsund, he became chief coun- selor of the Government in the literary bureau, and retired in 188.3. He wrote: Das Vnterrichls- wesen in Frankreich (1848) ; the verj- popular Geschichte dcs preiissischen Vaterlands (24th ed. 1895) and Leitfaden der vaterlandischcn Ge- schichte (49th ed. 1896) ; Friedrich der Grossc (2d ed. 1865) ; Ktirfiirst Friedrich I. ron Bran- denburg (1859) ; Zirei Jahre prcussiseh-deiitscher FoVlik, 1803-67 (1868); Der Kriep Deutsch- lands flcgen Frankrcieh (1871); Kaiser Wil- helms Gedenkhuch (5th edi 1880) : Fiirst Bis- marck, a collection of speeches. State papers, letters, etc., of the Chancellor (1878-01, the last volume by Wippermann) ; Zimn::ig Jnhre 1S62-S2. a study of Bismarck's influence (1882) ; and Wilhelm, der erstc Kaiser des neuen denfsch- en Heiehs (1888). HAHNEL, ha'-nd, Ernst (1811-91). A Ger- man sculptor, born at Dresden. He studied archi- tecture there and, from 1830. at Munich. Under the influence of Sehwanthaler and Rietschel, he turned his attention to sculpture, which he also studied at Rome. In 1825 he returned to Munich. In 1838, through the architect Semper, he received a commission to supply sculptures for the Royal Theatre of Dresden. The most important of these, a frieze representing a "Bacchanalian Pro- cession," was destroyed when the theatre was burned, but survives in plaster cast, and the statues of Sophocles, Aristophanes, Shakespeare, and Moliere were saved and used on the new building. For the Dresden Museum he executed many reliefs and six statues in sandstone, the most famous being a Raphael, of which there are marble replicas in the National Gallery, Berlin, and the Leipzig Museum. His best known works include a bronze statue of Beethoven at Bonn (1845), the colossal statue of Charles IV. at Prague (1848), the bronze image of Frederick Augustus II. at Dresden (1867), and Field- Marshal Schwarzenberg at Vienna (1867). For Leipzig he executed a bronze statue of Leibnitz (1883) and a group, "Eve Protecting Abel from Cain" ; for the Vienna Opera house five ideal statues ; and the two admirable Pegasus groups. Although Hiihnel's tendencies were classical, his portrait statues and busts evince high power of characterization. His art repiesents a transition from the classical to the romantic school. As professor at the Dresden Academy, he had many pupils. His works have been published in photo- graphic reproduction (Dresden, 1882-87). HAHNEMANN, ha'ncman, Samuel (1755- 1843). The founder of homceopathy. He was born at ileissen, Saxony, the son of a painter of Dres- den china. After obtaining a primary education with difficulty, at the age of twenty he left Meis- sen, with 20 crowns as his fortune, and went to Leipzig, to prosecute his medical studies. Here he maintained himself by translating works from Latin, French, and English into German. Two years later he went to Vienna, where, under tlie direction of Dr. Quarin, he pursued his studies, but a year afterwards was obliged to seek funds through employment as physician and librarian at Hermanstadt. He was graduated in medicine from the University of Erlangen in 1779. Sub- sequently he retired to Saxony, and settled in Dresden in the year 1784. His attention at this time was given to the study of toxicologj' of ar- senic and of mercury. After spending four years in Dresden, where he had for a time the direction of a large hospital. he returned in the year 1789 to Leipzig. In the following year, while translating Cullen's Materia Medica from English into Ger- man, he became interested in the similarity of the effects of quinine and some other drugs upon the healthy body with the result of certain dis- eases for which these drugs are used. In other words, he discovered, independently. Hippocrates's old 'law of similars.' With intense interest he searclied medical literature for confirmation gf his belief in a new principle of cure which he at once began to advocate, namely, that drugs which produce certain symptoms in the healthy body will cure a disease which exhibits similar symp- toms. In Hufeland's Journal, in 1790, he pub- lished his first important paper, entitled, "An Attempt to find a New Principle for the Discov- ery of the Healing Power of Medicine, with Ob- servations on Existing Methods." About 1800 he promulgated the principle of 'potentization' or 'dynamization' of drugs, by trituration of minute amounts of dry drugs with inert material, or dilution and vigorous shaking of minute quan- tities of liquid drugs, claiming for such prepara- tions increased strength from the new arrange- ment of molecules. 'Dynamization,' he claimed, imparted a spirit-like force to the dose. In 1810 Halmemann published his Orgunon der ration- ellen Heilkunde, which was translated into many languages, and in which he expounded his new system. which he enWeAhontwfjpaihii. Between 1810 and 1821 he published, at Leipzig, his Materia Medica, under the name Reine ArzneimitteUehre, in six volumes. In this work he set forth his observations of the eflfects of drugs upon healthy people. About the same time he founded at Leip- zig a school which soon attracted students from all over the country. In 1828, in his work on chronic diseases, written at Kiithen. he discussed the disease known as the itch, and reached the conclusion that all diseases are modifications of the itch. The discovery that the itch insect, Sarcoptes scabiei (Acariis senhiei), is the cause of scabies beyond a doubt, caused >a change in the belief of homa^opathists all over the world, and an abandonment of what had been called the first principle of homoeopathy. As Hahnemann's system involved the admin- istration of medicines each separately by itself and in minute doses, there was no longer any need of the apothecary's intervention between the physician and the patient. In consequence of this, the apothecaries' company brought to bear
