HAHNEMANN. 447 HAIDUKS. upon Hahnemann an act forbidcling physicians lo dispense their own medicines, and with such etl'ect that ho was obliged to k'ave Leipzig. The Uuke of Anhalt-Kdthen appointed him liis phy- sician, and invited him to live at Kothen. Thitli- er, accordingly, he removed in the year 1S'21. and there he prepared various new editions of his Uryuiion and new volumes of his Materia Mcdica for publication. In 1835 he left Kijthen, and set- tled in Paris, where he enjoyed a great ri'imta- tion till his death, which took place in the year 1843. On the centenary of his birth in 18.55, a statue was erected to his honor at Leipzig, at the expense of his disciples in (iermany. France, England, and other countries, with the concur- rence of the local authorities, who supplied the site in one of the public places in their handsome town. His princi|)al work, besides those already mentioned, is P^nij/mcntii de Viribus Medica- iiicntoriim (1805). ConaiM his Life and Lrttcrfi, by Bradford (Philadelphia, 1895). See Homce- op.Tiiy. HAHN-HAHN, hiin'han, Ida, Countess von ( 1805-80). A German novelist, born at Tressow. Her unhappy married life and divorce (182n) are reflected in her Vlrich (1841) and Zuri Frauen. (1845), written under the influence of the emancipatory ferment of Gutzkow, Laube, and Heine, and the early novels of George Sand. She became a Roman Catholic in 1850, wrote sev- eral proselytizing books, became a novice (1852), foimded a convent at Mainz., and died there. Her clever but su])erficial talent had great though pas.sing vogue, during wliioh several of her books were translated into English. For her life, con- sult: JIarie Helene (Leipzig, 1869); Haff'ncr (Frankfort. 1880): and Alinde .Jaeobv (Mainz, 1894). HAHNKE, luin'ke, Wiliielm von (1833—). A German soldier, born in Berlin. He received his military training as a member of the Prussian cadet corps, entered the Prussian Army in 1851, and in 1860 was on the staff of the Crown Prince, Frederick William, during the campaign in Bohemia. During the Franco-Prussian War he was a major on the general staft", in the head- quarters of the Crown Prince, and by 1881 had risen to be major-general, commanding the first brigade of infantry guards. In 1890 he became general of infantry, from 1888 to 1901 was chief of the military cabinet, and in 1899 was ap- pointed commander-in-chief in the ^larches and governor of Berlin. He also received an ap- pointment as adjutant -general. to the Emperor. HAIDA, hi'dii. A remarkable gi'oup of tribes constituting the Skittagetan linguistic family, formerly occupying the thirty-nine villages on the Queen Charlotte Islands. British Columbia. They are a seafaring people, traveling and fishing in large canoes, hewn from logs of cedar, carved with symbolic figures. The women are skillful in weaving mats and baskets in twined work, and the men in carving from black slates minia- ture figures of their totemic designs, totem-posts, house-fronts, and articles of daily use. They were a warlike race, and extended their raids along the coast as far as the mouth of the Columbia River. Their houses are built of cedar planks hewn out. and in front of each im- mense totem-pnles have carved on them the heraldic emblems of the family dwelling within. Women and men tattoo their bodies and wear labrets. The contact with civilization has re- duced the population from 7000, in 1840, to 600, living in .Masset and Skidegate villages. HAIDABABAD, hider-u-bad'. A native State and a city of British India. See Hyder- AB.), HAIDEE, hi-de'. A Greek girl in Byron's Don Juan. ^ HAIDINGER, hi'ding-cr, Wiliielm von (1795-1871), -An Austrian mineralogist and geologist. He was born at Vienna, and studied with Mohs at Gratz and at Freiburg. After living for a time in Edinburgh, lie returned to Austria, where he was interested with his brother in a porcelain factory at Elbogen, In 1840 he was a|)pointed to take charge of the Imperial Mineralogical Collections, and .1 few years later he commenced his lectures on mineralogy. In 1849 lie was chosen as the director of the newly founded Geological Institute, and in 1865 he was knighted. He published many books on mineralogy and crystallography, but is best known perhaps for the discovery of the phenome- non known as Haidinf/er's hrush, by means of which plane polarized light can be detected. This consists of a pale-yellow brush with curved arcs on either side, shaped like the branches of a hyperbola. The plane of polarization coincides with the axis of the brush, and on either side there is a violet or bluish patch. This phenome- non is supposed to be caused by the polarizing structure of the eye. While in Edinburgh, Hai- dinger translated Mohs's flriindriss dcr Miiicralo- gie, and then published it in enlarged and im- proved form under the title of Treatise on Miiieralofiii (3 vols., 1825). He is the author of Bandhuch der bestimmcndcn Mineraloqie (1845), and supervised the construction of a geological map of the Austrian Empire (1845). HAIDUKS, hl'duks (Hung, hajdu, drover, plural Jiajdiik). A term formerly applied among the Balkan Slavs to the liandit mountaineers, who. like the Greek klephls. were generally Chris- tians and opposed to Turkish rule. Such bands — each one having a chief — the haram hasha — were found among the Serbs and Bulgarians from the beginning of Turkish rule. Some of their chiefs became distinguished as partisan leaders. Those who killed Turks only were regarded by their people as patriots rather than a,s bandits. They were popular heroes, and did much to bring on the final struggle for independence. In Hun- gary this designation was applied to a class of mercenary foot-soldiers. As a reward for their services in the struggle against the Hapsburgs, Stephen Bocskay, Prince of Transylvania, grant- ed them, in 1605, the privileges of nobility, and a large stretch of territory as their own pos.session. The Haiduk district remained independent of the local authorities, and under the direct ad- ministration of the national Government, until after the Revolution of 1848, Haiduks adopted Calvinistic Protestantism early in the Reforma- tion. In 1876 this district was incorporated with portions of two adjoining districts into a new administrative division known as the TTniduk County, with Debreczin for its capital. In Hun- gary and Poland the term is also applied to the domestics of the great houses. In France in the eighteenth century it was given to the outriders of the carriages of the rich. These outriders wore Hungarian costumes and carried swords
