HAMBURG. 496 HAMELN. merce, hoxh l)_y sea and land, and carried on war for a considcralile period against the Dutch and the Danes, though with varying sviccess. Maximilian 1. declared Hamburg an Imperial citv in lolO, though the act was not conlirmed by" the Imperial Chamber till 1618. In 1529 the city officially adopted the Reformed religion, and the large number of religious refugees from the Iberian Peninsula and Holland enriched it greatly during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. After 1750 its commerce develojjed wonderfully, owing to the American and French revolutions, the wars between England and France, and the downfall of the trade of the Netherlands. Xapoleon's Continental system, however, jjroved fatal to its commerce, especially flfter 1810, when it was made a part of the French Empire. In 1813-14 the city endured a terrible reign of pillage and oppression at the hands of the French general Davout. By 1814 its population had sunk from 100.000 to 55.000. In 1815 it entered the German Confederation as a free city of the Empire. It thrived exceedingly, in spite of a disastrous fire which swept ofl' a quarter of the city in 1842. After forming part of the North German Confederation, Hamburg became a member of the German Empire in 1871. Jealousy of its commercial privileges kept Ham- burg out of the Zollverein till 1888. In 1892 a severe outbreak of cholera killed nearly 9000 of the inhabitants. BjBLiOGRArHT. Gallais, Gescliichte der Stadt Bamhiirg (3 vols., Hamburg, 1856) ; Wiehmann, Hamburgische Geschichte in Darstelhiiigen aus alter und neurer Zeit (Hamburg, 1889) ; Faul- wasser. Der grosse Brand und der Wiedei-aufhau von Uanihurg (Hamburg. 1892) ; "Hamburg as a Market for American Products." United States Section of Foreign ^Jnrk■ets (Washington, 1897) ; Shaw, Municipal Government in Continental En- rope (New York, 1897) : Maltbie, Municipal Function.<t (New York, 1898). HAMBURG. A breed of domestic fowls, noted as economical egg-producers. They are of trim build, resembling Leghorns, and of great beauty of plumage. Si.x varieties are recognized — the golden spangled, silver spangled, golden lienciled, silver penciled, black, and white. The large black 'redcap' and the Dutch 'campine' are also in this class. The designations refer to the markings. The 'spangles' or 'moon eyes' are round or oval spots; the 'pencilings' are bars of reddish bay or black, or of clear silvery white and black. The most popular varieties are the span- gled (see Colored Plate of PoLrLTEY). because of their fine form as well as beauty of coloration. Their "points' are as follows: Comb, square at front, tapering nicely into a long spike, full of points by no means plain, firmly and evenly set on the head: face, red: ear-lobes, moderate size, round as possible, and clear white ; legs, leaden blue; carriage, graceful: plumage, very profuse. (Thus far the specifications belong to the whole Hamburg breed.) Silver-spangled cock; Color, clear, silvery-white ground, every feather tipped or spangled, the breast as bold as possible, but showing the spangle, the bars of the wing regular and bold; neck, back, and saddle nicely tipped; bow well marked (by no means cloudy, brown, or brassy) : back, as green as possible. Silver- spangled hen: The white clear and silvery, the spangles large, green as possible, distinct and clear. Golden-spangled cock: Ground, rich; clear spangles, large and distinct. Hen: Color, very black and rich ground, the back glossy green; the neck, back, and saddle nicely striped; bow of wing well marked. HAMDI BEY, ham'de ba, OsM.x (1842—). A Turkish statesman and scholar, son of Edhem Paslia, born in Constantinople and educated in Paris. He was Governor of Bagdad (1868-70), a delegate to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, General Secretary of Foreign Afiairs. then Gov- ernor of Pera, in 1882 director of the Imperial musemns at Stanibul, and (1888) connected with the Department of the National Debt. A painter, with some reputation for his rendering of Ori- ental interiors, he founded in 1882 a Turkish Ecole des Beaux-Arts, which is not limited in its courses by the provisions of the Koran. He edited with Reinach La necropole royale de Si- don (1892-93), and built at his own expense, near the Tchinili Kiosk, a Greek building, in which the sarcophagi from the Sidon Necropolis might rest. HAMEL, :Vmel', Lori.s Ernest ( 1826-98) . A Frencli historian and politician, born in Paris. He was educated at the Lycee Henri IV. and in the law school of the University of Paris ; but he practiced little, preferring literature and politics. He was a contributor to the liberal sheets; was an editor of L'lwmnw librc ; was three times defeated as candidate for the National Assembly; but in 1878, 1881, and 1884 was elected to the Parisian numicipal council. Besides his earliest v:ork, Les derniers chants, a book of verse (1851). his writings are historical: Histoire de Saint- Just (1859) ; Histoire de Robespierre (1865-67), in three volumes, of which the publishers re- fused, for fear of prosecution, to publish the last two volunies until they were compelled to do so at their own risk by legal decision ; Monsieur Michelct, historicn (1869): Precis de Vhistoire de la revolution fran(aise (1870) ; Histoire de la rcpublique francaise sons le Direcfoire et sous le Consulat (1872) ; Histoire des deux conspira- tions du general Malet (1873) : Histoire illustrie du second Empire (1873) ; Souvenirs de Vhomme libre (1878); Histoire du premier Empire (1882); Histoire de la Rcstau7-afion (1887); Histoire du rcgne de Louis I'hiUppc (1889); Histoire de la seeonde Rcpuhlique (1891); and Hixloire du second Empire (1893-94). HAMELIN, ham'e-lin, The Pied Piper of. Sec I'lEIl PlI'ER OF Hamelin. HAMELN, hii'meln. The capital of a circle in the Prussian Province of Hanover, situated at the confluence of the Hamel with the Weser. 25 miles southwest of Hanover, with which it is connected by rail (Map: Prussia. C 2). The Weser is crossed by a suspension bridge. The to^^•n has an old-fashioned appearance, and con- tains many s])eeimens of mediaeval and Renais- sance architeeture. It has a 'real' gymnasium. The chief industrial establishments are sugar- refineries, tanneries, distilleries, machine-works, flour-mills, paper-mills, etc. The commerce is quite important, and there is considerable ship- ping in the harbor. Hameln is noted on account of the legend of the Pied Piper of Hameln (q.v.). Hameln had its origin in the Abbey of Saint Boniface. It was" sold to the Bishop of Minden in 1259. but the transaction did not meet with the approval of the townspeojde. who, after
