HAMELN. A97 HAMILCAB. a bloody battle, placed themselves under the pro- tection of Brunswick. The town was a flourish- ing nieniljcr of the ilansi'atic Lc'a{;ui'. It was taken by the Swedes in llJ33. and surrendered to the Frenih in 1757 and in 1S03. It linally passed to Prussia in IStiG. Population, in IS'.IO," 13,075; in l;il)ll. l>i,iHio. HAMERIK, hii'me-nk, Asgek (1843—). A Danish composer. He was born at Copenhagen, and, despite the opposition of his parents, studied music unaided, and when but fifteen years of age had so far succeeded in his ambition as to be able to study openly, under Gade, Matthison-llanscn, and Haberbier. In 1802 he went to Berlin to become a pupil of 'S^on Biilow, and two years later, when studying in Paris, met Berlioz, with whom he visited Vienna (1800-07). His lli/miw de la paix. written for the Paris Exhibition, earned for him a gold medal, and was greatly esteemed for its splendid orchestration. He wrote several oijeras, which were produced either in France or Ital.v, and in 1871 was appointed di- rector of the Peabody Conservatory of Baltimore, and also of the Peabody symphony concerts. In 1890 the King of Denmark conferred upon him the honor of knighthood. Not long afterwards he resigned his post in Baltimore and returned to Europe. Among his more important works are: Der Wanderer (1872), a festival cantata; La Vendetta ( 1870) , an Italian opera ; the choral work Chri^tUeKe Trilogie. The operas Tave- lille and Hjalinar and Inpeborg were only given in part. He also composed much successful chamber m.usic, and was particularly happj' in his snlo work for the 'cello. HAMERLING, ha'mer-ling, Robekt (1830- 80). An Austrian ))oet, dramatist, and novel- ist, born March 24, 1830, at Kirchberg am Walde, in Lower Austria. For four years he was a choir-boy at the Cistercian Monastery of Zwetl. Later he went to a gymnasium in Vienna, anil afterwards matriculated for the study of medi- cine. Besides natural science, Hamerling culti- vated classical and Oriental languages and also philosophy. In 1855 he became a professor in Triest, but ten years later chronic illness forced him to withdraw. An Imperial decree now granted him a pension, and he was likewise helped out by a Viennese lady. On July 13, 1889, after years of pain, he died in his villa near Gratz. Hamerling's style is rich and highly colored, his ideas are daring and keen. His mastery over his language is notable. Among his many writings .some of the most striking are: Ein Sangesgruss vom Strande der Adria, poetry (1S37); Sinnen vnd Minnen, youthful poems (1859, 1880); GesammcUe Kleinere Dichtungen (1K71, 1890); Blatter im Winde (1887, 1888); the epic Ahasver in Rom (1880; 23d ed. 1892), a description of Nero's Rome; Der Konig von Sion (1868, 1890) : Die sieben Todsiinden (1><S7 ) ; Ho- muncitlus (1880, 1890); Danton mid Robes- pierre, a tragedy (1871, 1877) ; Aspasia, a novel of the time of Pericles (1876). Selections from his Work-f! appeared in 1901. Consult: Kleinert. Robert IJamerlinq. Fin Diehter der Sebiinlicit (Hamburg. 1SS9> ; Polzcr, Rnheri Tl'inirrlina. ^ein Wesenund Wirken (ib., 1890): Rabenleeh- ner. JIamerlitiq. Keir heben niid htrine M'erke ( ib., 18951: id., liomerlinq (Dresden. 1902). HAMCERTON, Philip Gilbert (1834-94). An English writer on art, painter, and etcher. He was the son of a solicitor, and was bom at Lane- side, near Shaw, Lancashire. His mother died when he was an infant, and his father, who was an inebriate, died ten years later. For these and other reasons Hamerton's boyhood was lonely. He gave up in displeasure his preparation for O.xford, turned to poetry and art, and began writ- ing for the I'cviews. He traveled in Wales, vis- ited France, and in 1857 began his periodic encampments on an island in Loch Awe in the Scotch Highlands, described in A Painter's Camp in the Highlands and Thoughts About Art (1802). This notable work was followed by the more technical Etching and Etchers (1808); Contemporary French Painters (ISOS); and Painting in France After the Decline of Classi- cism (1809). In 1809 he-founded the Por/fo/io, an excellent art magazine, which he edited till his death. Among his other numerous writings are: Tlie Intellectual Life (1873) ; Life of Turner (1879); The Graphic Arts (1882); Human In- tercourse (1884) ; Landscape (1885) ; and French and English (1889). Hamerton, who had mar- ried a French woman, passed his latter years in France, and died at Boulogne-sir-Scine. Like Ruskin, Hamerton wa,s an art interpreter to his generation, the medium between the artist and the public. For this he was eminently suited because of the catholicity of his taste, and his agreeable style. Consult Philip Gilbert Earner- ton: An Autohioqraphii and a Memoir by His Wife (London, 1890).' HAMI, ha'me, or KOMUL, kcVmnl. A small town of Chinese Turkestan, situated in a fertile district 30 miles south of the eastern end of the Tian-Shan or 'Celestial Mountains,' near the northern verge of the desert of Gobi, about GO miles southeast of Barkul. Its elevation above the sea is about 3000 feet. The oasis of Hami, which has an area of between 80 and 100 square miles, produces wheat, barley, maize, millet, pumpkins, watermelons, and excellent grapes. The ]Joppy is also grown. The 'town' consists of an old town (Lao-ch'eng) . built about two cen- turies ago, and a new town (Sin [or Hsin] Ch'eng) , surrounded with moated walls, 20 feet in height, pierced with four gates, each sur- mounted with a tower in true Chinese style. The Mohammedan quarter, built over 300 years ago and called Khamil, is about a mile off. It is surrounded by a mud wall, and contains some 250 to 300 families. Here the kings of Hami lie in a mausoleum, the dome of which is covered with green-colored tiles. The population of the old town is said to be about 5000. Hami is advantageously situated as a trade centre, as here the great travel-route from east to west forks into two branches — one, the Tian-Slian Nan- lu, running along the south side of the Celestial Mountains to Kashgar and Yarkand : and the other, the Tian-Shan Peh-lu, proceeding by an easy pass 9000 feet high over the mountains along their northern foot to Kulja and beyond. HAMIL'CAR (Phoenician, grace of IVIelkart, Gk. '.iii?Knr, Aniill'as) . A name borne by several distinguished Carthacinians. the most celebrated of whom were:(l) The commander of the great Sicilian expedition, n.c. 480. (2) One of the commanders of a Carthaginian army defeated by Timoleon. the Corinthian seneral. at the Crimis- sus, B.C. 339. (3) (Surnamrd Rbodanus) the ambassador to Alexander the Great after the fall
