HAMMOND. 512 HAMMOND. published several paMi])lik'ls cm political and finnncial sul)ici4s. HAMMOND, Edwakd Payson (IS.'Jl— ). An American evangelist. He was born at Ellinjfton. Cona. ; graduated at Williams College in 1858. and studied theology at the Union Theological Seminary, New York, and at the Free Church Seminary. Edinburgh. After being ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1803, he engaged in evangelistic work in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, and met with remarkable suc- cess. He wrote many tracts and a number of hymns for use in his work. His work is described by Headlev, in The Reaper and the Harvest (1884 1. HAMMOND, Henry (160500). A learned English divine and controversial writer, born at Chertsey, Surrey. He was educated at Magdalen College. Oxford, and in 1629 became rector of Penshurst. His devotion to Charles I. cost him the living; nevertheless lie continued to act as chaplain to the King until 1647. when all the r#yal attendants were dismissed. After that he was subdean of Christ Church, O.xford. but was soon imprisoned, and spent the rest of his life in Worcestershire. His separate works numbered fifty-eight, the most celebrated of which are the Practical Catechism (1644), and Paraphrase and AHnotations on the New Testament (1653). His M iscellaneotis Thenloffical Works have been published (1847-50). His Life, by Fell. Bishop of Oxford (London. 1601), is a charming biog- raphy, and has been followed by several modern biographers. HAMMOND, .Ubez D. (1778-1855). An .American author and jiolitician, born in New Bedford, Mass. He practiced medicine in Ver- mont, but afterwards studied law and followed that profession at Cherry Valley. N. Y. He was a Democratic Congressman from New York in 1815-17, a State Senator in 1817-21, and in 1825 was made a commissioner in the settlement of the claims of New York against the Federal CJovern- raent. In 1838 he was elected county judge at Albany, where he had lived since 1822, and he was one of the regents of New York University from 184.') until his death. His published works include: The PoJilical Historii of ISiew York to December. IS.'iO (1843); Life and Opinions of ■Julius Melhnurn (1847); and Life of Silas Wright (1848). HAMMOND, .Iames Henry (1807-64). An American politician. He was born in Newberry District, S. C, graduated at South Carolina College in 1825, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. In 1830 he liecame editor of the l^ontheni Times, published at Cohmibia. S. C. He entered Congress in 1835, was Governor of South Caro- lina in 1842-44, and was a member of the United States Senate from 1857 to 1800. Both as an editor and as a incmber of Congress he was a vigorous exponent of nullification and States' rights, and a defender of the institution of slav- ery. Several letters written by hini in defense of slavery, as a reply in part to an anti-slavery circular by Clarkson. were published, with vari- ous essays advocating the same view, in a volume entitled Tfte Pro-Slareri/ Argitment (1853). HAMMOND, .TouN Hays (18.55 — ). An American mining engineer, born at San Fran- cisco. He irradunted at the SheflReld Scientific School of Yale University in 1876, and after a mining course at the Bergakademie, Freil)erg (Sa.xony), Germany, he was appcinted mining expert on the United States Geological Survey and Mineral Census for the examination of Cali- fornia gold-fields. In 1882 he became superin- tendent of silver-mines at Sonora, Mexico, and later was consulting engineer to a mining com- pany at Grass Valley, Cal. He then became consulting engineer to an iron company in San Francisco and to the Southern and Union Pacific railway companies. In 1893 he was appointed consulting engineer to the various mining com- panies operated by a L(mdon firm in South Af- rica, and later to the British South Africa Com- pany, known, as the Chartered Company, to the Consolidated Gold Fields Company, and other organizations of promoters acting in that region. While in South Africa he was connected with the Jameson raid, was tried for complicity in the revolt against the South African Republic, and was sentenced to death. This sentence was, how- ever, commuted to fifteen years' imprisonment, and later Hammond was released by the Boer authorities upon the payment of a fine of .$125,- 000. Afterwards he established himself in Lon- ilon, whence he directed mining interests in Mexi- co and tile United States. HAMMOND, Robert (1621-54). A soldier in the English Civil War. He was born in Sur- rey, was educated at Oxford, and in 1043 was ap- pointed captain in one of the cavalry regiments of the Parliamentary forces which were then being organized. His career in the earlier part of the war was so creditable that he was made colonel of an infantry regiment in 1645. He was present at the battle of Naseby. and at the capture of Bristol and of Dartmouth. In the struggle which soon afterwards began between the army and Parliament, Hammond at first sided with the former, but his scrui)les finally compelled him to change his mind, and he resigned from mili- tary service, accepting the appointment of Ciov- ernor of the Isle of Wight. King Charles I., having been led to expect that he would be be- friended by Hammond, threw himself upon the latter's protection ; but Parliament ordered the King to be kept in custody, a duty which the Governor performed, with many misgivings, from November 13. 1647. to November 29, 1648. In 1654 Hammond was ;ippointed by Cromwell a member of the Irish Coinicil, but he died in Dublin sliortiy after his arrival. HAMMOND, Samuel (1757-1842). An American Revolutionary soldier. He was born in Richmond County.. Va., and as a youth took part in Indian warfare. In the Revolution he partici- pated in the battles of King's Mountain. Cow- pens. Eutaw Springs, and other engagements. In 1803-05 he was a member of Congress from Georgia; from 1805 to 1824 was miUtary and civil Governor of Upper Louisiana; and from 1831 to 1835 was Secretary of the State of South Carolina. HAMMOND, William Alexander (1828- 1900). An American neurologist, born in An- napolis, JId. He graduated in medicine at New York Universitv in 1848; was assistant surgeon in the United States Army from 1848 to 1850, and surgeon from 18.50 to 1860; professor of jvnatomy and physiology in Maryland University from 1800 to 1861:' and again surgeon in the United
