HAMMOND. 513 HAMPDEN. States Army from the outbreak of the rebellion in 1861. He was Surgeon-General of the Army, with the rauk^f brigadier-gcueral, from ISUi! to 18(i4, when lie was dismissed from the service upon the charge of official corruption after trial by court-martial. In 1878 President Hayes, under authorization of Congress, reviewed the findings of the court-martial, following which ac- tion Dr. Hammond was restored to his rank and placed on the retired list as a brigadier-general. He was professor of mental and nciTous diseases in Bellevue Hospital Medical College from 18G7 to 1873, and occupied the corresponding chair in New York University from 1873 to 1882. In 1882 he became a founder of the New York Post- graduate Medical School, in which he was profes- sor of mental and nervous di.seases till his death. He established the Quartcrlij Journal of Psycho- logical Medici)ie and Medical Jurisprudence, and was a fovnider of the New York Medical Journal. .mong his published works are: Plu/siological Memoirs (1863) : Militari/ Hygiene (1863) ; Lec- tu)-es on Venereal Diseases (1864) ; On Wakeful- ness ( 1866 ) : t^lcep tuid Its yerrous Derangements (1860); Insanity in Its Medico-Legal Relations { 1866) ; The Physics and Physiology of Hpiritual- ism (1871) : Diseases of the Nervous tiystem (1871): Insanity in Its Relations to Crime (1873); Mental Work and Emotional Disturb- ances (1878); Cerebral Byperwniia. (1895); Fasting Girls (1879); Sexual Impotence in the Male (2d ed. 1885) ; Treatise on Insanity (2d ed. 1883), and several novels. HAMMURABI, hil'moo-ra'bl. King of Ba- bylonia (c. 2240-2185 B.C.). The dynasty to which he belonged seems to have been of Canaanitish origin. It began to reign over Babylonia n.c. 2379. Probably in the time of Hauniiurabi's grand- father. Apil Sin, while Sin-idinnam ruled in Lar- sam, an invasion of Babylonia by the Elamite Kuturnachinita took place. The date of this event is known from the statement by Asshurbanipal (B.C. 608-626) that he brought back from Susa the statue of Nana which an Elamitish king had captured 1635 years before. The conquest there- fore occurred in B.C. 2285. One of Kutiir- nachunta's successors. Simti-Shilchak. made bis son, Kutur-mabuk. lord of "amutbal. He be- came a great conqueror, putting an end to Sin- idinnam's power in Larsain and apparently tak- ing possession of .Syria. His son. Rim Sin. was made viceroy in Larsam ; Sin-muballat. Hammu- rabi's father, was driven out of Ishin. But Hammurabi himself was finally successful in ex- pelling the Elamites. and. as recently discovered inscriptions show, extending his own power so far as to include Susa itself. He was thus a great conqueror and builder of a large empire. Y'et it is as an organizer of this empire that he has become particularly famous. He not only ruled over a realm that seems to have extended from the Mediterranean into the mountains of Susiana. from the foot of the mountains of Kur- distan to the Persian Gulf, but he wisely cared for the inner development of his kingdom and established it by law. Tn his inscriptions he records especially the building of a large canal to bring the water of the overflow into the land of Shumir and Akkad. He also erected a great granary for the storing of wheat .against times of famine. And there are numerous accounts of his building operations in the extension of temples and palaces. The social life of Babylonia in the time of Hammurabi has long been known more intimately than that of any other period of its history, thanks to the great uumlicr of contract- tablets, deeds, testaments, bills of sale, and the like that have been found. A discovery recently made by "De Morgan throws an interesting liglit upon the laws which were recognized in the empire. A great stele, giving in 44 columns 280 edicts, was found in Susa. These laws, probably intended to be enforced in the conquered province, deal minutely with the various situations in life that must be considered in the administration of justice, and show Hammurabi to have been ,1 wise legislator, as well as a great conqueror and administrator. This code of Hammurabi was probabh' followed in Syria, as well as in Susiana and in Babylonia, and it is therefore natural that many of the statutes should remind of those which found embodiment from time to time in the law codes of Israel. Consult: Winckler, Ge- schiehtc Babyloniens und Assyriens (Leipzig, 1892) ; MaspOi'o, Hisloirc ancienne: les premieres melees (Paris, 1897) ; Rogers, .1 History of Babylonia and Assyria (New Y'ork, 1900) ; King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi (London. 1898) ; Winckler, Der alte Orient. Heft 4 (Leip- zig. 1902). HAMON, a'mo.N', Jean Louis (1821-74). A Frcncli genre painter. He was born at Saint Loup, near Plouha. in northern Brittany, March 5, 1821. He was educated for the priesthood, but his artistic temperament carried him to Paris, where he studied painting with Delaroche and Gleyre. He exhibited the "Tomb of Christ" in the Salon of 1848. "Equality in the Harem" in 1849, and a "Roman Poster" in 1850. In 1849 he found employment in the porcelain manufac- tory at Sfevres, in which work he was very suc- cessful. His enameled casket, exhibited at the London Exposition of 1851, took a medal. His "Human Comedy" (1852), and the celebrated "Ma sceur n'y est pas" ("My Sister is Not at Home") made his reputation; the latter was purchased by Napoleon III. At the Paris Exposi- tion of 1855 he received a second-class medal and the ribbon of the Legion of Honor. In 1862 he went to Rome, and in 1865 he established him- self at Capri. The last years of his life were spent at Saint Raphael (Provence), on the Medi- terranean, where he died May 29, 1874. Hamon belonged to the 'Neo-grec' or Pompcian School. His art is the logical development of that of Ingres and Gleyre : it represents mod- ern ideas in a classical garb. It is delicate and mythical, and graceful in execution, but without real life. The Luxembourg and the Museum of Marseilles possess examples of his work, and there are several in .merica. .Among bis later subjects are: "The Muses at Pompeii" (1866): "The Promenade" (1867); and "Le triste rivage" (the "Sad Shore"), his last work, exhibited in 1873. Consult La Fenestre, "Hamon," in I.'Art. vol. ii. ( 1S75). HAMP'DEN, .Toiix (1594-1643). An English statesman and patriot. He was born in 1594, the eldest son of William Hampden, of Great Hampden, Buckinghamshire, and Elizabeth, davighter of Sir Henry Cromwell, of Hinching- brooke. Huntingdonshire, aunt of Oliver Crom- well. In 1610 he was entered a gentleman com- moner at Magdalen College, Oxford, and in 161,1
