HANSEN. 541 HANSOM. In his journeys about the country he came across instances of the disease which were explainable only by the theory of contagion. The conclusions at which he thus arrived conformed with those of Drognat-Landre, who had studied leprosy in Surinam, and who had published his views in 1869. Hansen's further labors were rewarded by the discovery of a bacillus in unstained prepara- tions. Later the micro-organism was stained, and became known as Hansen's bacillus. This was in 1873. Subsequently Hansen for years tried to cultivate and inoculate the leprosy bacil- lus, but his efforts were unsuccessful. Neverthe- less, legislation called forth by Hansen's proof of the contagious nature of leprosy has effected a marked diminution of the disease throughout Norway. HANSEN, Ha.n-s Ciiristia>' Peter ( 1840— ) . A Uaiii>h critic, bom at Copenhagen. Noted as a journalist and critic, he became editor of iV(Br og Fjern (187"2-80), a high-class news- paper, afterwards called Ilhisircrrt Tidcnde, which he also edited from 1880 to 1884. He made a Danish rendering of Goethe's Faust (1881-8!)), and his original publications include: A romance. Kristiun Kjohrnhrirner '1882); an illustrated history of Danish literature, lUustrcret dansk LUernturliistorie (188H); and a history of the Danish theatre, begun in 1889. HANSEN, jMaueit.s Christopher (1794- 1842). A Norwegian poet and novelist, born at Jlodum. He was a teacher, and prepared nu- merous text-books, but is best known by his ■ novels. They were the first accurately to describe the life and surroundings of the small towns of his own country-, and were very popular. They include: Lurcn : Den fjale Chrislimi : and Bjerg- manden. After his death a collection of them was made by Schwach (8 vols.. Christiania, 1855- 58). A further selection, Xoveller i Udvolg, was printed at Christiania in 1882. Hansen also wrote a volume of poems, Digtninger (1816), HANSEN, Peter Andreas (1795-1874). A German astronomer, born in Schleswig. He was employed by Schumacher, director of the Altona observatory, to assist in the measurement of an arc of the meridian in Holstein. In 1825 he succeeded Encke as director of the observatory of Seeberg. near Gotha, where he remained for the rest of his life. He devoted his attention chiefly to the lunar theory, and his Tables de la Lunc (1857) were so excellent that they were awarded a prize of flOOO by the British Govern- ment, and were published at its expense. The tables have been adopted for use in the cal- culations of the various astronomical ephemer- ides and nautical almanacs. Hansen was also the author of a large number of papers relating to the determination of the orbits of comets and planets. Hansen was a f^ireign member of the Royal Society of England, and an associate of the English Royal Astronomical Society, and was on two occasions awarded their gold medal for his research work in astronomy and his lunar tables. He will rank for all time as one of the first mathematical astronomers of the nine- teenth century. HANSEN, TiTEOPiiiLUS von (1813-91). A Danish architect, born in Copenhagen. He studied in the Copenhagen Academy, and for further training traveled extensively in Italy and Greece. At Athens he praeticeil his profes- sion to some extent, until the Revolution of 1843 compelled him to withdraw to Vienna, where he was appointed superior councilor of architecture in 1869, and was for several years professor of architecture in tlu; Academy of l'"ino Arts. He was an exponent of the classic Greek style, and executed numerous works at Vienna, including the Greek Church, the restored fa(;ade o<f the Sina Palace, the Academy of Fine Arts, the Bourse, and the Epstein I'alace. Niemann and Feldegg published Theophitus Hansen und seine Werkc in an edition de luxe at Vienna, in 1893. HANSE TOWNS, Laws of the; also known as the Ha.x.seatic Code. A code of maritime law, ordained for the regulation of commerce by the towns comprised in the Hanseatic League. It was established about the end of the sixteenth cen- tury, and enjoyed great authority until super- seded nearly a century later by the Guidon de la Mer and the Ordonnance de la Marine of Louis XIV. It was first published in German in 1597, and in 1014 was revised and enlarged by a con- gress of delegates from the several towns of the League, which was held at Liibeck. It lias been translated into Latin (by Kuricke) and French (by Cleirac, in Vs et Coutumes de la Her (Paris, 1G47). HANSLICK, hans'lik, Eduard ( 1825-1904) . An Austrian musical critic and author. He was born at Pragtie, and prepared himself for the bar, studying law at Prague and Vienna. In 1849 he received his degree of doctor of law, and entered the Government service ; but the attraction which music had for him gradually drew him into the career he subseqtiently fol- lowed. His studies under Tomaschek at Prague, and later his experiences as musical critic of the Wiener Zeitung (1848-49), increased his in- terest in mtisie. His most prominent character- istic was an uncompromising antagonism to exaggerated and foolishly sentimental criticism in music, and his celebrated work, Voin Musika- liseh-Hehonen: ein Beitrag zur Revision der Aesthetik der Tonkunst (1854; 10th ed. 1902), is particularly severe. He was one of Wagner's most bitter opponents, and one of the last of the critics to recognize the possibilities in the new style of opera. His position with regard to the emotional content of music was, that music is incapable of conveying any meaning other than the one inherent in the tonal sequence. Few men of his day and generation exercised a more healthy or restraining influence on musical criticism and the treatment of so-called pro- gramme music than Hanslick. It has been charged that he was un.sympathetic, and that his legal training precluded a true, conception of the real content of mttsic. He was for many years musi- cal editor of the Vienna Neiie Freie Presse. and in 1801 became professor in Vienna L'niversity, in the department of mtisical history and ivsthetics. He was the author of many valuable treatises and W'orks connected with his life work, among tliem beinff: Gesehielitc des Kon::erttcescnfi in Wicn (1869-70) ; Die modcrne Oper (1875-190U) ; and Kon::erte, Komponisten vnd Yiriunsen der letz- ien fitnfzehn .Jahre (1896). His autobiography, Ans meinen Lehen, appeared in 1S94. HAN'SOM. .TosEpir .l,OYSirs (1803-82). An English architect and inventor. He was born at York, and began to practice his profession as an
