HANSOM. 542 HANUMAN. architett at Halifax in 1825. lie designed and built the Birmingham Town llall, which lie eum- pleled iu ISJJ ; but he became bankrupt under the terms of his suretyship for the builders, in 1831 Hansom patented a safety cab. The raod- om vehicle whieh bears his name differs ma- terially from the original one. After 1842 he resumed his work as an architect, ecclesiastical and domestic, chiellj' for the Roman Catholic Church, to which he belonged. Among the best known of the buildings designed and erected by him are Saint Walburge's Church, Preston, Lan- cashire; the cathedral at Plymouth; the Church of Our Lady and Saint Philip Neri at Arundel ; the Jesuit church at Manchester; the Church of Saint Francois de Sales, near Boulogne; and Saint Asaph College. HANSOM CAB. A light two-wheeled, one- horse, covered carriage, with the driver's seat elevated behind. It received its name from the inventor. See Carriage. HAN'SON, Alexander Contee (1786-1819). An American editor and politician, born in Mary- land, and educated at Saint John's College, An- napolis. As editor of the Federal Republiean, of Baltimore, he published an article in 1812 attacking the Madison Administration with such bitterness that a mob, by way of reprisal, wrecked his office. A subsequent attempt to con- tinue publication led to renewed violence, and he and a number of friends and supporters were removed to the local jail for safety. The popu- lace, however, made its way into the jail, wound- ed Hanson and others, and killed General Lingan. From 1813 to 1817 Hanson was a Federalist member of the National House of Representatives, and from 1817 until his death was in the Senate. HANSON, Levett (1754-1814). An English author, born in Melton, Yorkshire. He was a lifelong friend of Admiral Nelson, with whom he went to school at Walsham, Norfolk. Hanson studied at Cambridge, but went abroad when twenty-two years old, and spent the remainder of his life there, with but occasional visits to England. He was the recipient of many foreign orders and honors, while his experience in Euro- pean courts gave him opportunity to collect ma- terial for his book. An Accurate Historical Ac- count of All the Orders of Knighthood at Present Existing in Europe (1803). This was dedicated to Nelson, and his Miscellaneous Compositions in Verse (1811) to another friend, Warren Hast- ings. HANSTEEN, hiin'stan, Christopheb (1784- 1873). A Xiirwegian astronomer, born at Chris- tiania. At first intended for the legal profes- sion, he subsequently devoted himself entirely to the study of mathematical science. In 1814 he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in the University of Christiania. and there, in ISIS), published his celebrated work on magnetism, which was afterwards translated into German imder the title Vntersuchungen iiber den Mag- netismus der Erde. and produced a great sensa- tion, especially in England. He made an exten- sive journey to Siberia, for the purpose of mak- ing magnetic observations, in the years 1828 to 1S30, and returned to Europe with a large col- lection of facts, which were of much service in aiding to dispel the obscurity which enveloped this subject. On his return to Christiania he prevailed upon the Government to erect an ob- servatory, lifted also for magnetic observations. Besides occupying his chair in the university, llansteen was professor of mathematics in the school of artillery, superintended the triangula- tion of Norway, and helped in the reorganization of the national system of weights and measures. He published lectures on astronomy, a work on mechanics, another on geometry, several scien- tific memoirs, and was one of the editors of the Mag(i~>n for iiturcidrnslcaherne. HAll^SWUKST, hans'voorst (Ger., Hans Sau- sage). The conventional buffoon in old German comedy. The name first appears in 151'J, and is used by Luther in liis Wider Uanns M'orst in 1541, and as the name of a peasant in a play of 1553, but first occurs in 1573 as the title of a character in comedy. The character received its conventional form and garb at Vienna, about the beginning of the eighteenth century, when Joseph Stranitzky represented it as a simple eountr nan of Salzburg. A bitter fight was waged against the existence of Hanswurst on the German stage, and he was defended by Lessing in his Hanihurgische Dramaturgie. HANTS. A colloquial name for the English county of Hampshire (q.v.). HANUMAN, ha'noo-miin. The sacred mon- key of India, representing the god Hanumiin (q.v.). See Langub; Monkev; and Plate of MOKICEYS OF THE Ol.n WoKLD. HANUMAN, or HANUMAN. A famous monkey chief in Hindu mythology and the legends of the epic period of India, and still a favorite divinity in Hindustan. He is represented in the Sanskrit epic liamayana (q.v.) as the special ally and friend of Rama, and as leading the monkey hosts that helped this hero to recover his wife Sit.a, who had been carried off by the demon Ravana. The exploits of Hanunian play an importjint part in the account of this expedi- tion and the great war which followed. On one occasion Hanumfm bridged over the passage be- tween India and Ceylon with enormous rocks, which he and his monkey followers threw into the sea. Adam's Bridge in the straits between the island and the mainland is still pointed out, ac- cording to tradition, as the remains of those boulders. Many other stories and curious le- gends regarding him are told in the Rrimayana. llis birth w;ts semi-divine. His mother was a ce- lestial nymiih that had been cursed to assume a simian sliajie ; his father was the god of the wind. Hence Hanuman is sometimes called Maruti, a child of the wind. His large face or monkey jaw is likewise accounted for in a legendary manner. The god Indra. angered at his yoiithful prowess, tried to slay him by the thunderl>olt, but was able only to fell him and break his jaw. From this circumstance he received the name Hanuman. 'he of the (broken) jaw.' The monkey features, or mask-like face of this deified ape. whose idols ai'c easily recognized by the prodi- gious tail, are familiar enough in India, and episodes taken from his history are found repre- sented in sculpture or in painting almost every- where in Hindustan. According to the Itama- yana, he was an astute grammarian, and skilled in many branches of learning. His prowess is also recounted in the Jlahfibharafa. and a San- skrit drama, the HaniDnan-iif'ifal-a. celebrates his deeds in fourteen acts. It is not unlikely that
