HANUMAN. 543 HAN YU. undiTiieath tlio curious and uiicdulli li^Mirc of Hanunian and liis monkey hosts wu may icoog- iiize some representatives of tlie earlier and ruder civilization of lower India that may have joined forces with tlie invading Aryan civilization. The reverential regard paid to monkeys around the Hindu temples may. in a way, he associated also with llanumfin. Consult: Dowson, Hindu My- thology (London, IST!)) ; Wil.son, lliiiilii Mythol- ogy (London, 1900). See Dravidians ; Ra- MAYANA. For illustration see Plate of Hindu Deities in the article India. HA'NUS, Paul Henky (1855-). An Ameri- can educator, liorn at Hermsdorf unter'm Iynast, JSilesia, Prussia. He was educated at the Wis- consin State Xormal School ( Platteville) , and the University of Michigan, became a teacher, and in 1891 was appointed assistant professor of education at Harvard University. His puhlica- tions include: Elentriits of Determinants (1880) ; Geometry in the Grammar School (1894); and Educational Aims and Educational Values (1899). HAN'WAY, .JONA.S (1712-8G). An English traveler and philanthropist, born at Portsmouth. On the death of his father the family moved to London, and in 1710 Hanway was apprenticed to a merchant in Lisbon. In 1743 he became inter- ested in trade with the East, and journeyed through Persia, experiencing many hardship.s. After his return from Persia he spent five years in Saint Petersburg, at the end of which ]>eriod he received a large bequest which enabled him to retire from business. He returned to London in 1750, where, excepting for two trips abroad, he spent the remainder of his life, devoting him- self to philanthropy and literature. In 1750 he was one of the founders of the jNIarine Society, organized to train seamen for the navj', and two years later became a governor of the Foundling Hospital, where he was active as an op])onent of indiscriminate relief. In 1758 he helped to found Magdalen Hospital for Fallen Women. Hanway was almost constantly employed in the promotion of imiiortant reforms, such as the protection of the infant parish poor and of child chimney-sweeps, the solitary confinement of pris- oners, and the establishment of Sunday schools. He was, however, a man of many harmless eccen- tricities, of which his antipathy to tea-drinking was one of the most amusing, and his attack on the habit had the unique honor of drawing a reply from Samuel Johnson. It is said that he introduced the use of the mnbrella in London, after thirty years of ridicule. As a writer Han- way was most prolific. Seventy-four books and pamphlets by him are enumerated, of which only one, his Historical Account of the British Trade Over the Caspian Hea (4 vols., 175.3), which con- tains an account of his travels, is of any lasting value. The most of his writings were occasional in character, and were concerned largely with the reform tnovements in which he w'as interested. He also wrote several theological works, and Common Hense: "Sine Dialogues on the American TTnr (1775). As a reward for his public ser- vices, Hanway was appointed one of the commis- sioners for victualing the navy in 1702 — an office which he held until obliged to resign, on account of ill health, in 178.3. Consult Pugh. Remarlcnhle Occurrences in the Life of Jonas Uunnay (London. 1787). HAKfWELL. A town in Middlesex, England, 10 miles west of Saint Paul's, London. It is the seat of the Middlesex County Lunatic .sylum (Map: London, E 4). It has a progressive mu- nicipality, owns a sewage farm and recreation grounds, and maintains an isolation hospital. Popuhilion, in 1891, 0100; in 1901, 10,400. HAN- YANG, hiin'yilng'. A departmental city of China, situated on the left bank of llie Yiing-tsc, at the point where it receives the wa- ters of the river Han, wliieh separates it from Hankow. Its most eonspicufjus feature is Ta-pieh Shan, a precipitous hill crowned with ruined fortifications, from which a fine view of the surrounding country can be obtained. Com- manding as it does both the Han and the Yang- tse. it early became an import^mt military post, and the possession of Ta-pieh Shan was always an object of much interest to the contending par- ties in the numerous revolutions, rebellions, and wars which have characterized ('hinese history from the earliest times. It received its present name in the sixth century, and while it continued to be a strong military post, its advantageous position for trade soon attracted attention, and it became a very populous and flourishing city. Notwithstanding its proximity to Hankow, this state of things continued until the Tai-ping Re- bellion (1852-04), when it was almost entirely wiped out. Han-yang never recovered until Chang Chih-tung, Governor-General of Hu-kvvang, se- lected it in 1880 for the site of the arsenal and the great steel and iron works, cotton-spimiing fac- tories, etc., which he has established there. The iron-works (begun in 1801) cover 70 acres, and include four immense hot-air blast-furnaces, sev- eral large steam hammers, innumerable rollers, and all the necessary machinery for producing everything required for the Hankow-Peking Rail- way, whic-h he planned and which is now partly constructed. The sheds cover 20 acres. The coke used is obtained from Wales, but the ore needed in the manufacture of the rails is mined near Wang-shih King, 76 miles below Hankow. Both hard and soft coal are mined in the same neighborhood. The plant in Han-yang also in- cludes a railway P^ miles long, from the Yang- tse to the works, and thence to the Han, with an inclined plane on the Y'ang-tse bank, 300 feet high, up which the cars are hauled by powerful machinery. The whole is under foreign man- agement. HAN Yir, hiin yii, better known as HAN "WTEN KUNG, hiin wfm kwng (708-823). A Chinese poet, eSsayist, and i)hilosopher. He was bom at Teng-chow. in Ho-nan. in 708. became a diligent student of the classics, graduated with honors at twenty-four, and shortly thereafter entered the public service. In 819. while vice- president of the Criminal Board, he incurred the displeasure of the Emperor, a great patron of Buddhism, by addressing to hiiu a strongly worded remonstrance against certain public hon- ors with -ivhich an alleged relic of P.iiildha was being conveyed to the palace. Through the in- tervention of friends he escaped with his head, but was dismissed from the Court and banished to ,a semi-barbarous region in the present Prov- ince of Kwang-tung. There he served for eight months as Governor, civilizing the inhabitants and conferring upon them many benefits, .fter- wards he was recalled to the cajiital, restored
