HARDIE. 554 HARDINGE. 1803 he was appointed assistant adjutant-general •with the rank of major on the stall' of the regular army, and on May 24, 1804, was made inspector- general with the rank of colonel. After the close of the war he was a member of the board whieli decided upon the disposition of the arms and ninnitions in the Government arsenals, and he audited the war claims of Massachusetts and Kansas. On March 13, 1805, he was brevetted a major-general in the Regular Army. HARDING, CiiE.STER (1792-1866). An American purtrait painter. He w-as bom in Conway, ilass., September 11, 17i:i2. In 1812 he enlisted in the army as a drummer boy. Owing to failure in business, he went to Pitts- burg, wiiere he was engaged as a liouse-])ainter. At this time he became interested in portrait painting, and went to Paris, Ky. After a short time spent in study at Philadelphia he spent successful seasons at Saint Louis and Wash- ington. In 1823 he established a studio in Bos- ton, where he enjoyed great popularity. In 1832 he went to Europe. In London he met David Leslie and Sir Thomas Lawrence, and dur- ing a stay of three years painted the portraits of several prominent Englishmen, including the Dukes of Essex, Norfolk, and Hamilton, Samuel Rogers, and Lord Aberdeen. The chief charac- teristic of his portraits is their indication and appreciation of character. Harding had many friends, one of whom was Daniel Webster, whose portrait by Harding hangs in the Bar Asso- ciation, New York. He died in Boston, April 1, ISCfi. Among his principal portraits are those of Washington Allston, John Randolph (Cor- coran Gallery, Washington), General Sherman, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Chief Justice Mar- shall. Charles Carroll, and Presidents Madison, Monroe, and John Quincy Adams, HARDING, James Duffield (1798-1863). An English landscape painter and teacher, born in Deptford. He first studied painting and en- graving, and then took up water-colors and be- came a member of the Water-Color Society (1821). He was one of the first after Turner to use body-color in this medium, and obtained ex- eellent results with it. His paintings treat European scenes in a rather studied manner. He was the inventor of 'Harding's papers' (paper in different tints and textures for sketching) , which were used until recently. He gave much attention to lithography, and obtained two gold medals from the Academic des Beaux-Arts for his plates. Among his works in it are Home and Abroad (1830^ fifty plates), Parh and Forest (1841), and Picturesque Selections (1801). Harding was a successful teacher, and pulilished a number of text -books of no great importance. HARDING, Kakl Ludwig (1765-1834). A German aslronomer. born at Lauenburg. He was educated at Giittingen, where he studied theology, and became a tutor in the family of SchrJiter in Lilienthal. Schriiter was an enthusiastic .astron- omer, and Harding was soon appointed observer and inspector in his observatory. Here he dis- covered the third planetoid, .Juno (1804). In 1805 he went to Gottingen as professor of as- tronomy, and eight years afterwards discovered, independently of Pons, the second comet of 1813. His published works include: Atlns ovus Coeles- tis (1808-23; reedited by Jahn, 1856), for long the most complete astronomical chart; Kleine astroHomische Epheme-ridcn (edited with Wiessen, 1830-35) ; and the fifteenth in the series of Sternkarten of the Berlin Academy's publica- tions (1S30). HARDING, Stephen (M134). The third abbot of the celebrated monastery of Citeaux. Of his parentage and youthful history little is know-n beyond the fact that he was born at Sherborne, near Dorchester, England, of a re- spectable family, and in early life traveled first to Scotland, then to Paris, and later to Home, On his way back he stopped at the Benedictine monastery at Molesme, near Dijon, Burgundy, and joining the Order, received the name ot Slephen. He delighted in aust^orities, and left the monastery with some twenty companions, including the abbot and prior, in order that they might start a new monastery where the Benedic- tine rule should be strictly observed. Citeaux, the 'cisterns,' fifteen miles south of Dijon, a barren and marshy spot, .seemed attractive to the band, and there the monastery was built. In 1110 Stephen was elected its abbot. The rigor of observance which he enforced had such an effect in deterring novices from entering the new Order that at first grave fears were entertained for its stability; but Stephen persevered, and was rewarded in 1113 by the accession of Saint Bernard (q.v. ) and thirty others, who gave such an impulse to the institute that in a short time the number ot claimants for admission compelled him to found several new convents, and especially tliat ot Clairvaux (1115), which, under the rule of Saint Bernard, attained to the very highest distinction in that age. Stephen continued till his death, at Citeaux, March 28. 1134, to direct the fortunes of the Cistercian Order. In 1110 he drew up, in conjunction with Saint Bernard and other members of the brotherliood, the well- known constitutions of the Order, entitled the Charter of Charity, which were approved by Popes Calixtus II. and Eugenius III., and, with seme modifications, have continued down to mod- ern times as the rule of the Cistercian institute. Two of Stephen's letters are preserved among the Epistolw Sancti Bernardi (Epp. 45 and 49). See Cistercians. HARDINGE, hiir'ding. Sir Hekry, first Vis- count Hakdinge of Lahore (1785-1850). An English field-marshal and commander-in-chief. The third son of the Rev. H. Hardinge. rector of Stanhope, Durham, he was born at Wrotham, Kent, on March 30, 1785. After a brief education at Eton, he was gazetted as ensign to the Queen's Rangers in Upper Canada before he had attained his fifteenth year. In 1806-07 he studied with success at the Wycombe Royal ^Military College. He obtained a lirigade command in Spain before his twenty-fifth year, after which he was at- tached to the Portuguese Army from 1809 to 1813 in the capacity of deputy quartermaster-general. On Napoleon's return from Elba, Hardinge joined the allied armies in Belgium, and was appointed by the Duke of Wellington commissioner at the Prussian headquarters. He lost his hand at Ligny, and was unable to participate in the victory of Waterloo. In 1826 he entered Par- liament, and in 1828 succeeded Lord Palmerston as Secretary of War. He next filled the ofllce of Secretary- for Ireland. From 1844 to 1847 he was Governor-General of India. When the Sikh
